Table 1.
Pharmacological molecular mechanisms of psoralen.
| Models | Ususal doses/concentrations | Molecular mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. The anti-osteoporosis effect of psoralen | |||
| Primary mouse calvarial osteoblasts | 10, 100 μM | Activated BMP signaling pathway | Tang et al. (2011) |
| Human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs) | 1.6–12.5 µg/ml | Upregulated the expression of osteogenic protein Runx2, DLX5 and OPN | Li et al. (2018) |
| hFOB1.19 cells | 5, 10, 15, 20 µM | Stimulated NF-κB-MAPK signaling pathway | Li F. et al. (2017) |
| Osteoporotic osteoblasts | 16 μmol/L | Suppressed the IRE1/ ASK1/ JNK pathway. | Chen et al. (2017a) |
| Mature osteoclasts | 0.05, 0.1 μM | Inhibited the activation of Akt and AP-1 pathway | Chai et al. (2018) |
| Tumor-bearing female nude mice | 17.5 mg/kg | Inhibited the interaction among cancer cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, and reduced the burden of bone metastasis of breast cancer in mice | Wu et al. (2013) |
| Murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells osteoclasts |
2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μM | Activated ERK signaling pathway | Zhang et al. (2019) |
| Chondrocytes | 10-8, 10-7, 10-6, 10-5, 10-4 mol/l | Regulated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | Zheng et al. (2017) |
| Rat chondrocytes | 1, 10, 20 µM | Inhibited the expression of MMPs | Wang C. et al. (2019) |
| Articular chondrocytes | 1, 10, 100 μM | Activated chondrocytes | Xu et al. (2015) |
| SANFH rabbit | 35 mg/kg | Reduced the expression of PPARγ, increased osteocalcin expression | Li H. et al. (2019) |
| BMSCs | 20 µg/ml | Reduced the expression of miR -488 | Huang et al. (2019) |
| Female Sprague-Dawley rats | 4 mg/ml | Elevated trabecular thickness and reduced trabecular space | Yang et al. (2012) |
| New Zealand White rabbits | 0.25 mg/ml | Enhanced new bone formation | Wong and Rabie (2011) |
| 2. The anti-tumor effect of psoralen | |||
| SMMC-7721 cell | 40 μM | Enhanced the expression of GRP78, GRP94, DDIT3, ATF4, XBP1, GADD34, GDF15 and IRE1α, activated ER stress signaling pathway | Wang X. et al. (2019) |
| HepG2 cell | 50, 100, 200, 400 μmol/L | Activated ER-stress related pathways, activated Caspase-3/8 and up -regulated the expression of CHOP and Bax | Yu et al. (2020) |
| HepG2 cell | 150, 300, 450 μM | Inhibited viability | Zhou et al. (2018) |
| SMMC-7721 cell | 10, 30, 50, 100 μg/ml | Up-regulated expression of Bax, Caspase-3, p53 and reduced protein expression | Jiang and Xiong (2014) |
| KB, KBv200, K562, K562/ADM cells | 50 μg/ml | Induced apoptosis | Wang et al. (2011) |
| MCF-7 MDA-MB-231cells |
8 μg/ml 12 μg/ml |
Regulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | Wang et al. (2018) |
| SMMC-7721 cell | 40 μM | Blocked the cell cycle in G1 phase | Wang X. et al. (2019) |
| MCF-7/ADR cell | 21.5, 43.0, 64.5, 86.0, 107.5 µM | Arrested the G0/G1 phase | Wang X. H. et al. (2016) |
| MCF-7 cell | 10-7, 10-6, 10-5 mol/l | As an estrogen receptor agonist | Xin et al. (2010) |
| A549/D16 cell | 5, 10, 20 μM | Inhibited the activity of ABCB1 promoter | Hsieh et al. (2014) |
| MCF-7/ADR cell | 8 µg/ml | Inhibited efflux function of P-gp transporter | Jiang et al. (2016) |
| MCF-7/ADR cell | 43 µM | Inhibited the activity of P-gp protein dependent ATPase | Wang X. H. et al. (2016) |
| Molecular docking | 0.03, 0.1 mM | Inhibited NF-κB/DNA interactions | Marzaro et al. (2013) |
| MCF-7/ADR cell | 43 µM | Repressed the activation of NF-κB p65 | Wang X. H. et al. (2016) |
| HBL-100 cell | 50, 100 μM | Protective effect | Du J. et al. (2019) |
| MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells | 50μM | Down-regulated MMP1, HSD17B6, INHBA and CD63 Protein levels, overexpressed SESN3 gene expression | Wang X. et al. (2016) |
| JB6 cell | 14.8, 15.6, 17.1 µg/ml | Induced QR activity, inhibited ODC activity | Lee et al. (2011) |
| Osteosarcoma SD rat | 320μg/(kg·d), 1600 μg/(kg·d) | Reduced the serum ALP level | Lu et al. (2014) |
| 3. The antiviral and antibacterial effect of psoralen | |||
| MHV-68 | 10 μg/ml | Antiviral activity | Cho et al. (2013) |
| HBV | 10 μg/ml | Interacted with HBV pol | Parvez et al. (2019) |
| Orthomyxoviruses CCHFV LASV |
10 μg/ml | Keep the particles and RNA intact and non-infectious | Schneider et al. (2015) |
| DENV-1 | 10 μg/ml. | Retained its three-dimensional structure | Maves et al. (2010); Maves et al. (2011) |
| A/PR/8/34 H1N1 virus | 0.2 µg/ml | Inhibited the replication | Choi et al. (2017) |
| H37RV | 220.4 µg/ml | Antibacterial effect | Chiang et al. (2010) |
| P. cinnamomi mycelia | 100, 150 mg/L | Inhibited the growth | Villegas et al. (2015) |
| P.gingivalis | 6.2 µg/ml | Inhibited the formation of biofilm, eliminated the established biofilm, reduced the viability of biofilm | Li et al. (2018) |
| 4. The anti-inflammatory effect of psoralen | |||
| human neutrophils | 10.9 μM | Inhibited superoxide anion generation | Chen C. H. et al. (2017) |
| Raw 264.7 cells | 2.5, 5, 7.5 μg/ml | Inhibited the expression of IL-6 and TNF-a | Chen et al. (2013b) |
| D10 cells stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) | 2, 4, 8×10-2 mM | Inhibited the expression of Th2 cytokines IL-4/5/13 and Th2 transcription factor GATA-3 | Jin et al. (2014) |
| THP-1 cell | 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5 µg/ml | Released the expression of IL-1β and IL-8 | Li et al. (2018) |
| Murine fibroblast NIH3T3 cells | 5, 10, 20, 40 μM | Reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β1, | Du M. Y. et al. (2019) |
| TNF – α induced inflammation of synovial cells | 1, 10, 20 µM | Down-regulated the expression of IL-1 β, - 6, - 12 | Wang C. et al. (2019) |
| HEPG-2 Cell | 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 μM | Inhibited COX activity | Ai et al. (2019) |
| 5. The effect of psoralen on melanocytes | |||
| Channa punctatus and Bufo melanostitus | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64×10-7 g/ml | Stimulated of cholinergic receptors |
Meitei and Ali (2012). Sultan and Ali (2011) |
| Melanocytes | 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10 μg/ml | Reduced the survival rate | Quintão et al. (2019)) |
| 6.The neuroprotection properties of psoralen | |||
| Adult neural stem cells | 100 nM | Increased the expression of GFAP, reduced the expression of TuJ1, | Ning et al. (2013) |
| Scopolamine-induced amnesia rats | 0.1, 0.3 mg/kg | inhibited AChE activity | Wu et al. (2007) |
| Adult male Wistar rats | 100, 200 μg/ml | Connected to the residues of the AChE binding site by π-π conjugate and hydrogen bonding | Somani et al. (2015) |
| The FST-treated mice | 10, 20, 40 mg/kg | Attenuated alterations in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels | Xu et al. (2008) |
| 7. Pharmacological properties of psoralen on muscle atrophy and fibrosis | |||
| The myoblast (C2C12) cell line | 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 μM | Attenuated the expression of MuRF1, MAFbx, trim62 and GDF15 and miR-675-5P | Lin et al. (2019) |
| bleomycin -induced mouse | 5 mg/kg/day | Reversed the expression of α - SMA | Du M. Y. et al. (2019) |