Table 2.

Molecular mechanisms of the safety and toxicity of psoralen.

Models	Ususal doses/concentrations	Molecular mechanisms	References
Sprague Dawley (SD) rats	60 mg/kg	Regulated the expression of Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Gstm1 and Akr7a3	Song et al. (2019)
Male Kun-Ming strain mice	20,40 mg/kg	Inactivated of CYP2E1	Wang et al. (2012)
Male SD rats	5 mg/kg	Reversibly inactivated CYP1A2	Zhuang et al. (2013)
P4502A6 from the crude insect cell paste	100 µM	Irreversibly inactivated CYP2A6	Koenigs and Trager (1998a)
P4502B1	100 µM	Irreversibly inactivated CYP2B1	Koenigs and Trager (1998b)
Recombinant human P450 enzymes	40, 80, 120, 160, 200 µM	Irreversibly inactivated CYP2B6	Ji et al. (2015)
Human recombinant CYP3A4 enzyme	200 µM	Irreversibly inactivated CYP3A4	Liu and Flynn (2015) Hai et al. (2017)
SD rats	60 mg/kg	Increased ALT and AST, decreased Glu and ALB, interfered with amino acid metabolism	Zhang et al. (2018)
L02 cell	150, 300, 450 μM	Up-regulated cyclin E1, p27, down-regulated cyclin A2, induced S-phase arrest, inhibited mTOR signaling pathway	Zhou et al. (2018)
High glucose-treated mice mesangial MES-13 cells	4 μg/ml	Reduced the expression of cleaved PARP and Bad, and promoted expression of phospho-Bad (ser112) and Bcl-2.	Seo et al. (2017)
Zebrafish embryo/larval	10.61µM	Up-regulated Keap1 expression, down-regulated Nrf2, Mn-Sod hmgcra, pparα1 and fas expression. increased the expression of p53, puma, apaf-1, caspase-3/9, caspase-3, decreased Bcl-2 expression	Xia et al. (2018)