Table 2.
In-vitro antiviral activity of flavonoids against enzymes of SARS- and MERS-CoV
| Substance | SARS 3CLpro IC50[µM] | SARS PLpro IC50[µM] | MERS 3CLpro IC50[µM] | MERS PLpro IC50[µM] | Method | Literature | Plant | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chalcone | 4-hydroxyderricin | 81.4(cf), 50.8(cb) | 26 | FRET | Park et al. (2016) | Angelica keiskei | ||
| 4-hydroxyisolonchocarpin | 202.7 | 35.4 | 193.7 | 171.6 | FRET | Park et al. (2017) | Broussonetia papyrifera | |
| 4′-O-methylbavachalcone | 10.1 | FRET | Kim et al. (2014) | Cullen corylifolia | ||||
| Broussochalcone A | 88.1 | 9.2 | 36.2 | 42.1 | FRET | Park et al. (2017) | Broussonetia papyrifera | |
| Broussochalcone B | 57.8 | 11.6 | 27.9 | 112.9 | FRET | Park et al. (2017) | Broussonetia papyrifera | |
| Helichrysetin | 67.04 | FRET | Jo et al. (2019) | |||||
| Isobavachalcone | 39.4(cf), 11.9(cb) | 13, 7.3 | 35.85 | FRET | Jo et al. (2019), Park et al. (2016), Kim et al. (2016) | Angelica keiskei, Cullen corylifolia | ||
| Xanthoangelol | 38.4(cf), 5.8(cb) | 11.7 | FRET | Park et al. (2016) | Angelica keiskei | |||
| Xanthoangelol B | 22.2(cf), 8.6(cb) | 11.7 | FRET | Park et al. (2016) | Angelica keiskei | |||
| Xanthoangelol D | 26.6(cf), 9.3(cb) | 19.3 | FRET | Park et al. (2016) | Angelica keiskei | |||
| Xanthoangelol E | 11.4(cf), 7.1(cb) | 1.2 | FRET | Park et al. (2016) | Angelica keiskei | |||
| Xanthoangelol F | 34.1(cf), 32.6(cb) | 5.6 | FRET | Park et al. (2016) | Angelica keiskei | |||
| Xanthoangelol G | 129.8(cf), NA(cb) | 46.4 | FRET | Park et al. (2016) | Angelica keiskei | |||
| Flavane | 3′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4,7-trihydroxyflavane | 30.2 | 35.8 | 34.7 | 48.8 | FRET | Park et al. (2017) | Broussonetia papyrifera |
| Broussoflavan A | 92.4 | 20.4 | 125.7 | 49.1 | FRET | Park et al. (2017) | Broussonetia papyrifera | |
| Kazinol A | 92.4 | 66.2 | NA | 88.5 | FRET | Park et al. (2017) | Broussonetia papyrifera | |
| Kazinol B | 233.3 | 31.4 | NA | 94.9 | FRET | Park et al. (2017) | Broussonetia papyrifera | |
| Flavanole | Epigallocatechin gallate | 73 | FRET | Jo et al. (2020), Nguyen et al. (2012) | ||||
| Gallocatechin gallate | 47 | FRET | Jo et al. (2020), Nguyen et al. (2012) | |||||
| Flavanone | Bavachinin | 38.4 | FRET | Kim et al. (2014) | Cullen corylifolia | |||
| Hesperetin | 60(cf), 8.3(cb) | CA | Jo et al. (2019), Lin et al. (2005) | Isatis tinctoria | ||||
| Flavanonole | Ampelopsin | 364 | FRET | Nguyen et al. (2012) | ||||
| Flavone | Amentoflavone | 8.3 | FRET | Jo et al. (2020), Ryu et al. (2010a) | Torreya nucifera | |||
| Apigenin | 280.0 | FRET | Jo et al. (2020), Ryu et al. (2010a) | |||||
| Luteolin | 20 | FRET | Jo et al. (2020), Ryu et al. (2010a) | |||||
| Pectolinarin | 37.78 | FRET | Jo et al. (2020) | |||||
| Rhoifolin | 27.45 | FRET | Jo et al. (2020) | |||||
| Scutellarein | IC50=0.86 µM against nsP13 | FRET |
Keum and Jeong (2012), Yu et al. (2012) |
|||||
| Flavonole | 7-O-arylmethylquercetin—derivatives (3′'-Cl, 3′'-CN, and 4′'-Cl) | IC50=5.2, 2.7, 4.1 μM against NTPase and helicase of SARS-CoV | FRET | Park et al. (2012) | ||||
| Herbacetin | 33.17 | 40.59 | FRET |
Jo et al. (2019), Jo et al. (2020) |
||||
| Kaempferol | 116.3 | 16.3 | 35.3 | 206.6 | FRET | Jo et al. (2020), Schwarz et al. (2014) | ||
| Myricetin | IC50=2.71 µM against nsP13 | FRET | Keum and Jeong (2012), Yu et al. (2012) | |||||
| Papyriflavonol A | 103.6 | 3.7 | 64.5 | 112.5 | FRET | Park et al. (2017) | Broussonetia papyrifera | |
| Quercetin | 52.7 (73) (23.8) | 8.6 | 34.8 | NA | FRET | Chen et al. (2004), Jo et al. (2020), Lee et al. (2009), Lin et al. (2005), Nguyen et al. (2012), Ryu et al. (2010a) | ||
| Quercetin 3-β-d-glucoside | 37.03 | FRET | Jo et al. (2019) | |||||
| Quercetin-3-β-galactoside | 128.8, 42.79 µM | 51.9 | 68.0 | 129.4 | FRET | Chen et al. (2006) | ||
| Tomentin A | 6.2 | FRET | Cho et al. (2013) | Paulownia tomentosa | ||||
| Tomentin B | 6.1 | FRET | Cho et al. (2013) | Paulownia tomentosa | ||||
| Tomentin C | 11.6 | FRET | Cho et al. (2013) | Paulownia tomentosa | ||||
| Tomentin D | 12.5 | FRET | Cho et al. (2013) | Paulownia tomentosa | ||||
| Tomentin E | 5 | FRET | Cho et al. (2013) | Paulownia tomentosa | ||||
| Isoflavone | Corylifol A | 32.3 | FRET | Kim et al. (2014) | Cullen corylifolia | |||
| Daidzein | 351, 26.8(cf), NA(cb) | FRET, CA | Jo et al. (2020), Nguyen et al. (2012) | |||||
| Neobavaisoflavone | 18.3 | FRET | Kim et al. (2014) | Cullen corylifolia | ||||
| Puerarin | 381 | FRET | Jo et al. (2020), Nguyen et al. (2012) | |||||
| Procyanidine | Procyanidin A2 | 29.9 (wild type SARS-CoV) | PRA | Zhuang et al. (2009) | Cinnamomum cassia | |||
| Procyanidin B1 | 41.3 (wild type SARS-CoV) | PRA | Zhuang et al. (2009) | Cinnamomum cassia | ||||
IC50 is the inhibitory concentration of compound required to cause 50% inhibition of virus
FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer; PRA, Plaque reduction assay; CA, Cleavage assay; NA, No activity; (cf) cell-free; (cb) cell-based
Plant names are checked with theplantlist.org