Table 1.
IL-4, glial cells, and epilepsy.
| Epilepsy | Interleukin 4 (IL-4) related mechanism | Glial cell targets | Epilepsy related outcome | Research model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FS | IL-4 polymorphisms | - | - | Human |
| Partial seizure | IL-4 increase | - | - | Human |
| TLE | IL-13 increase | M2 polarization of | - | KA-induced mice |
| Microglia/macrophages; | - | |||
| M1 inhibition | Reduced frequency, duration, and severity of spontaneous epilepsy | Lithium-pilocarpine induced rats | ||
| SE | IL-4 increase; | M1, M2 | Reduce frequency, duration, | Human |
| IL-1β increase | M1 inhibition | and severity of spontaneous | KA-induced mice | |
| Recurrent seizures; improve | Pilocarpine-induced mice | |||
| Cognitive dysfunction | ||||
| HMGB1-mediated pathway | Astrogliosis, microgliosis | Pilocarpine-induced Wistar rats | ||
| Intractable epilepsy | IL-4 increase | Astrocytic hypertrophy and proliferation | Inhibited the mitogenic effect of TNF on astrocytes | Non-neoplastic human astrocytes |