Table 1.

Review of experimental studies that have examined verb bias using DO/SC ambiguous sentences

Study	Ex.	Method	Subj.	Exp. Items	Fillers	Task	Ambig.	Bias	Res.	Conclusion
Holmes et al. (1989)	1	SPR1	48	16 sets of 4	95	Accept.	Yes	DO/SC	SC	Bias effects are immediate
	2	SPR	40	16 sets of 4	90	Rep.	Yes	DO/SC	SC	Bias effects are immediate
	3	SPR	48	32 sets of 4	78	Comp. (100%)	Yes	DO/SC	SC	Bias effects are immediate; ambiguity duration matters
Ferreira & Henderson (1990)	1	ET	12	80 sets of 4	72	Comp. (20%)	Yes	DO/SC	SC	Bias is used for reanalysis/revision
	2	SPR	24	80 sets of 4	72	Comp. (10%)	Yes	DO/SC	SC	Bias is used for reanalysis/revision
	3	SPR1	24	80 sets of 4	72	Comp. (10%)	Yes	DO/SC	SC	Bias is used for reanalysis/revision
Trueswell et al. (1993)	2	SPR2	40	10 sets of 4	40	Comp. (1/3)	Yes	DO/SC	SC	Bias effects are immediate
	3	ET	24	10 sets of 4	40	Comp. (1/3)	Yes	DO/SC	SC	Bias effects are immediate
Osterhout et al. (1994)	2	ERP	12	120 sets of 4	120	Accept.	No	DO*/SC*	SC	Bias effects are immediate
Garnsey et al. (1997)	1	ET	62	48 sets of 4	62	Comp. (100%)	Yes	DO/SC/E	SC	Bias effects are immediate, stronger than plausibility
	2	SPR	80	48 sets of 4	62	Comp. (100%)	Yes	DO/SC/E	SC	Bias effects are immediate, stronger than plausibility
Trueswell & Kim (1998)	1	SPR3	28	16 sets of 4	54	Comp. (100%)	Yes	DO	SC	Bias primes ambiguous syntactic structures
	2	SPR3	42	36 sets of 6	90	Comp. (100%)	Yes	DO	SC	Bias primes ambiguous syntactic structures
Pickering et al. (2000)	1	ET	40	16 sets of 2	86	Comp. (50%)	No	SC	SC	DO structures are the default interpretation
	2	ET2	20	16 sets of 2	32	Comp. (50%)	No	SC	SC	DO structures are the default interpretation
Hare et al. (2003)	1	SPR2	45	20 sets of 4	42	Comp. (100%)	Yes	DO/SC**	SC	Sense bias effects are immediate
Kennison (2001)	1	ET	36	48 sets of 12	90	Comp (50%)	Yes	DO/SC	DO/SC	DO structures are the default interpretation
Wilson & Garnsey (2009)	1	SPR	54	78 sets of 3	119	Comp. (100%)	Yes	DO/SC	DO/SC	Bias effects are immediate
	2	ET	75	78 sets of 3	119	Comp. (100%)	Yes	DO/SC	DO/SC	Bias effects are immediate
Mohamed & Clifton (2011)	1	SPR2	41	24 sets of 6	12	Comp. (100%)	No	DO*/SC	DO	Bias effects are influenced by context
	2	SPR2	45	24 sets of 6	12	Comp. (100%)	No	DO*/SC	DO	Bias effects are influenced by context
Current paper	1	SPR	80	240 sets of 4†	90	Accept.	No	DO/SC***	DO/SC	Structural bias effects precede global bias effects

Note. Ex. = Experiment, Subj. = Number of subjects included in the analysis, Exp. Items = Number of experimental items used in the experiment, Fillers = Number of filler sentences per list, Ambig. = Whether experiment included an ambiguity manipulation by including or manipulating the word that, Res. = Resolution, ET = Eye-tracking, SPR = Self-paced reading (moving window, unless otherwise specified), Accept. = Acceptability judgements for each sentence, Rep. = Repetition of each sentence, Comp. = Comprehension questions for the proportion of trials specified, DO = Direct object, SC = sentential complement, E = Equi-biased

¹Words remained on screen

²Experimental sentences were presented as pairs or within a discourse context (not as individual sentences)

³Experiment utilized “fast priming” technique with DO/SC biased verbs and/or nonword primes

^†8 lists were used, so each participant read 120 experimental items

^*Used biased verbs, as well as verbs that only occur in that structure

^**Used verb senses that were biased toward DO/SC structures

^***Used structural, lexical, and global bias toward DO/SC structures