TABLE 2.
Summary of effect of olive polyphenols on CVDs
| Disease | Parts used | Study type | Observations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atherosclerosis | OO | In vivo | OO protected from atherosclerosis as compared to saturated fatty acids rich diet in niacin‐treated mice | Montserrat‐de la Paz et al. (2016) |
| EVOO | In vivo | EVOO polyphenols improved endothelial function and lowered lipid accumulation within the atherosclerotic lesion of Apo E‐deficient mice. | Claro et al. (2015) | |
| VOO and thyme | Randomized, double‐blind, crossover, controlled trial | Incorporation of thyme into VOO improved the lipoprotein particle atherogenic ratios in 33 hypercholesterolemic individuals after 3 weeks | Fernández‐Castillejo et al. (2016) | |
| VOO and thyme | Randomized, double‐blind, crossover, controlled trial | VOO and thyme 25 ml/day for 3 weeks improved endothelial function in 12 healthy subjects | Valls et al. (2017) | |
| Squalene | In vivo | Administration of squalene to atherosclerotic rabbits reversed endothelial activation and lowered cellularity in gingival mucosa | Bullon et al. (2009) | |
| In vivo | Administration of hydroxytyrosol at 4 mg/kg bw with presence of saturated fat and cholesterol, reduced the size of atherosclerotic lesions when compared with animals receiving this diet without hydroxytyrosol | Gonzalez‐Santiago et al. (2006) | ||
| Platelet aggregation | OO | Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein inhibited collagen‐induced platelet activation or ADP | Petroni et al. (1995) | |
| Oleocanthal and oleacein possessed antiplatelet activity by inhibiting COX and 5‐ LOX inhibitor | Beauchamp et al. (2005) and Vougogiannopoulou et al. (2014) | |||
| OOP | In vitro | OLP inhibited platelet function in blood taken from 11 healthy males. | Singh et al. (2008) | |
| (olive oil polyphenols | OOP inhibited platelet aggregation by cAMP‐PDE inhibition | Dell’Agli et al. (2008) | ||
| EVOO | Randomized crossover | Weekly consumption of EVOO (40 ml) rich in oleocanthal prevented from platelet aggregation. | Agrawal et al. (2017) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | OO | Daily intake of OO (25 ml) didn't promote postprandial lipemia | Weinbrenner, Fitó, et al. (2004) | |
| (olive polyphenols) | A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study | OP (250−1,000 mg for 12 months) to the 64 osteopenic patients women (age: 49 to 68 years) significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol level | Filip et al. (2015). | |
| OP | Randomized, crossover, control study | OP significantly increased HDL level in 47 healthy European male volunteers | Hernáez et al. (2014) | |
| VOO | Double‐blind, randomized, crossover, control trial | VOO (25 ml/day) reduced LDL/HDL particles, HDL cholesterol/HDL‐P ratios, small HDL/large HDL and LP‐IR to the 33 hypercholesterolemic individuals | Ferna´ndez‐Castillejo et al. (2016) | |
| OLP | human | OLP enrich extract (136 mg oleuropein; 6 mg hydroxytyrosol) for 6 weeks significantly reduced the blood lipid profile in prehypertensive male (60n, aged: 45 years). | Lockyer, Rowland, Spencer, Yaqoob, and Stonehouse (2017) | |
| OL | A double‐blind, randomized, controlled, longitudinal | OL extract (1.200 mg/day for 28 days) decreased total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, oxidized LDL, and GGT in Granada, Spain 39 hypercholesterolemic subjects (aged 45.0 ± 8.8 years) | Fonolla, Diaz‐Ropero, de la Fuente, & Quintela, (2010) | |
| Inflammation | OOP (olive oil polyphenols) | OOP reduced an eicosanoid inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid (thromboxane B2 and 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1a) and other inflammatory markers, high‐sensibility C‐reactive protein or IL−6 | Bogani et al. (2007) and Fito et al. (2008) | |
| OL | In vitro | Andalusian OL extract inhibited pro‐inflammatory mediator NO in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells | Talhaoui et al. (2016) | |
| EVOO polyphenols | Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol inhibited MAPK phosphorylation, ROS production and reduced cytokine secretion induced by the oxysterols in PBMCs | Serra et al. (2017) | ||
| OLP (olive leaves polyphenols | double‐blind, randomized, crossover study | OLP (10 mg HT, 51 mg oleuropein) for 4 weeks modulated IL−8 production in 18 healthy volunteers (9 female, 9 male). | Lockyer et al. (2017) | |
| EVOO | EVOO exhibited inflammatory activity by decreasing NO, ROS production, modulate COX−2, iNOS, and mPGES−1 protein expressions, reduced MAPK phosphorylation and prevented nuclear NFkB translocation in LPS‐stimulated murine macrophages. | C´ardeno et al. (2014) | ||
| OO | Meta‐analysis and systematic review | OO (1–50 mg) decreased C‐reactive protein and interleukin−6 | Schwingshackl et al. (2015) | |
| OLE polyphenols | Double‐blind randomized crossover | OLE polyphenols (6 mg hydroxytyrosol, 136 mg oleuropein) for 6 weeks reduced the interleukin−8 in 60 experimental participants. | Lockyer et al. (2017) | |
| Antihypertensive | OO and VOO | Oleic acid made structure alternations in membrane lipid (HII phase propensity) in that way to handle G protein‐mediated signaling which regulated phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase, results decreased in BP | Tere´s et al. (2008) | |
| OO | Oleanolic acid decreased smooth muscle cell Ca by NO release from dependent endothelium and results relaxation. | Rodriguez‐Rodriguez et al. (2008) | ||
| OO | In vivo | OO improved endothelial function in SMRA in SHR rats by modulating an agonist‐mediated EDHF/NO response, which resulted repair dysfunctional endothelium with hypertension | Rodriguez‐Rodriguez et al. (2009) | |
| OLE polyphenols | Double‐blind randomized crossover | OLE polyphenols (6 mg hydroxytyrosol, 136 mg oleuropein) for 6 weeks reduced BP without the alternation in inflammation, glucose metabolism and vascular function biomarkers in 60 experimental participants. | Lockyer et al. (2017) | |
| EVOO | Randomized, single‐blind placebo control | Replacing EVOO in American diet reduced BP after 3‐month consumption of EVOO in old overweight/obese (age > 65) participant (41n). | Rozati et al. (2015) | |
| OO | Polyphenols in OO stimulated NO level which results reduction of BP. | Ferrara et al. (2000) | ||
| OL | In vivo | Oleuropein reduced SBP in male SHR Sprague Dawley rats | Ghibu et al. (2015) | |
| OL | OL extract EFLA®943 (500−1,000 mg) tablets to hypertensive monozygotic twins (40n, age: 16–60), significant reduction in BP was observed after 8 weeks | Perrinjaquet‐Moccetti et al. (2008) | ||
| OL | Human | OL extract EFLA®943 (500−1,000 mg twice daily) tablets and Captopril (12.5 mg twice daily) to stage−1 decreased hypertension in patients (aged 25–60 year) after 8 weeks. | Susalit et al. (2011) | |
| OO | Human | A decrease in BP was observed in stage 1 essential hypertension in young women (24n) when they consumed polyphenol enriched in OO (34 mg/day) | Moreno‐Luna et al. (2012) | |
| pomace olive oil | In vivo | OPO (10 mg/kg/day bw) to the spontaneously hypertensive SHR rats for 8 weeks modulated endothelial NO | Valero‐Mun˜ oz et al. (2014) | |
| OO | Meta‐analysis and systematic review | OO consumption (1–50 mg) increased flow‐mediated dilatation and effective for the endothelial function | (Schwingshackl et al., 2015) | |
| OL | In vivo | OL extract (30 mg/kg/day bw 5 weeks) to SHR rat reduced SBP by modulating the pro‐oxidative and pro‐inflammatory status and improved vascular function. | Romero et al. (2016) | |
| Antioxidant | OO | Human | OO (2.7 to 216 mg/kg) for 14 to 21 days protected from oxidative stress in healthy male participants. | Covas, Nyyssönen, et al. (2006) |
| EVOO | Human | EVOO (147 to 592 mg/kg) for 8 weeks prevented from DNA damage in 10 healthy postmenopausal women Florence, Italy | Salvini et al. (2006) | |
| EVOO | Human | EVOO significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activity CAT, GPX, SOD, decrease in CAT and increase in SOD gene expression was observed | Oliveras‐López et al. (2014) | |
| EVOO | In vivo | EVOO (330 µl/BW), its lipophilic (3 ml/BW) and hydrophilic (3 ml/BW) fraction for 21 days protected oxidative stress by increasing CAT, GPX, SOD, GSH, NPSH, vitamin C level and decreased plasma LDH, CK, MDA and AOPP level in cardiotoxic rats | Ghorbel et al. (2015) | |
| Olive leaves (OL). | Cohort, pigs | OL extract 50–100 g/kg bw for 8 weeks to the pigs significantly protected RBCs hemolysis from AAPH or H2O2 initiators in dose‐dependent manner | Paiva‐Martins et al. (2014) | |
| olive cake, added with thyme | In vivo | Olive cake, added with thyme extract significantly influenced the plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant status in rat dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner by inhibiting (DPPH and FRAP), decreased (SOD and GPx) and increased (CAT) level in rats. | Rubió et al. (2014) | |
| VOO | In vitro | VOO protected from RBCs hemolysis from AAPH or H2O2 initiators in time (2−4 hr) and dose‐dependent manner (10–80 μM). | Paiva‐Martins et al. (2015) | |
| EVOO | In vitro | Bioaccessible fractions of EVOO protected from oxidative stress induced by t‐BOOH. | Borges et al. (2015) | |
| EVOO | In vitro | EVOO increased GSH levels and nonsignificant effects on ROS level. | Kouka et al. (2017) | |
| VOO | In vitro | VOO showed strong antioxidant activity in ABTS, DPPH, ORAC assays and decreased ROS level in Caco−2 cells. | Quintero‐Florez et al. (2017) |
Abbreviations: 5‐ LOX, 5‐lipoxygenase; AAPH, 2,2'‐Azobis (2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, ABTS, 2,2'‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) DPPH, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, ADP, Adenine diphosphate; AOPP Advanced oxidation protein products, BP, Blood pressure; cAMP‐PDE, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐phosphodiesterase; CAT, Catalase; CK, Creatine kinase, COX, Cyclooxygenase; EDHF, Endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor; EVOO, Extra virgin olive oil; FRAP, Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching; GGT, Gamma‐glutamyltransferase; GPx, Glutathione peroxidase, GSH, Glutathione, H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide, HDL, High‐density lipoprotein; IL‐6, Interleukin‐6; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase, LDL, Low‐density lipoprotein; LP‐IR, Lipoprotein insulin resistance index; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, Mitogen‐activated protein kinase; MDA, Malondialdehyde, mPGES‐ 1, Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase‐1; NFkB, Nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells; NO, Nitric oxide; NPSH, Nonprotein thiols, OL, Olive leaves; OLP, Olive leave polyphenols; OO, Olive oil; OOP, Olive oil polyphenols; OP, Olive polyphenols; OPO, Olive pomace oil; ORAC, Oxygen radical absorbance capacity, PBMCs, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RBCs, Red blood cells, ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; SHR, Spontaneously hypertensive; SMRA, Small mesenteric resistance arteries; SOD, Superoxide dismutase, t‐BOOH, t‐butyl hydroperoxide, VOO, Virgin olive oil.