Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Participants According to Nasopharyngeal Swab Test for SARS-CoV-2
| Characteristics | Total sample (N=131) | Negative (n=109) | Positive (n=22) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 55.8 ± 14.8 | 55.7 ± 14.7 | 56.4 ± 15.7 | 0.84 |
| Sex, female | 51 (38.9) | 41 (37.6) | 10 (45.4) | 0.41 |
| Education, years | 14.4 ± 7.8 | 14.9 ± 8.2 | 12.4 ± 4.3 | 0.21 |
| Smoking habit | 11 (8.3) | 9 (8.2) | 2 (9.0) | 0.33 |
| Influenza vaccination | 23 (17.5) | 17 (15.5) | 6 (27.2) | 0.20 |
| Hypertension | 38 (29.0) | 32 (29.3) | 6 (27.2) | 0.53 |
| Heart failure | 8 (6.1) | 6 (5.5) | 2 (9.0) | 0.40 |
| Diabetes | 7 (5.3) | 5 (4.5) | 2 (9.0) | 0.33 |
| Renal failure | 4 (3.0) | 3 (2.7) | 1 (4.5) | 0.52 |
| COPD | 12 (9.1) | 10 (9.1) | 2 (9.0) | 0.67 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 4.2 | 25.9 ± 4.3 | 27.6 ± 3.2 | 0.10 |
| Symptoms related to COVID-19 | ||||
| Cough | 22 (16.7) | 16 (14.6) | 6 (27.2) | 0.13 |
| Fatigue | 67 (51.1) | 56 (51.3) | 11 (50.0) | 0.54 |
| Diarrhea | 5 (3.8) | 4 (3.6) | 1 (4.5) | 0.60 |
| Headache | 14 (10–6) | 11 (10.0) | 3 (13.6) | 0.42 |
| Smell disorders | 18 (13.7) | 16 (14.6) | 2 (9.0) | 0.38 |
| Dysgeusia | 15 (11.4) | 11 (10.0) | 4 (18.1) | 0.22 |
| Red eyes | 21 (16.0) | 16 (14.6) | 5 (22.7) | 0.42 |
| Joint pain | 33 (25.1) | 28 (25.6) | 5 (22.7) | 0.51 |
| Short of breath | 58 (44.2) | 50 (45.8) | 8 (36.3) | 0.28 |
| Loss of appetite | 13 (9.9) | 11 (10.0) | 2 (9.0) | 0.62 |
| Sore throat | 9 (6.8) | 5 (4.5) | 4 (18.1) | 0.04 |
| Rhinitis | 19 (14.5) | 13 (11.9) | 6 (27.2) | 0.05 |
| Follow-up | ||||
| Days from COVID-19 onset | 55.8 ± 10.8 | 56.5 ± 11.1 | 52.6 ± 8.8 | 0.26 |
| Days from first positive test | 47.1 ± 10.6 | 47.4 ± 10.8 | 45.5 ± 9.3 | 0.46 |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
Data are given as means ±SD for age, education, BMI, and follow-up days. Number (%) for all the other variables are reported.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.