Table 1.

A summary of potential uses for nutraceuticals according to the clinical scenarios outlined in this paper

	Clinical scenario	Nutraceuticals	Potential benefit	Evidence	References
1	Managing residual risk associated with lipids other than LDL-C	Icosapent ethyl (EPA)	↓Triglycerides and ↓CVD events	Large RCT	[17, 18]
		l-Carnitine	↓Lp(a)	Small RCTs	[19, 20]
		Coenzyme Q10	↓Lp(a)	Small RCTs	[19, 21]
2	Managing non-lipid-mediated residual risk	Plant sterols and stanols, red yeast rice, bergamot, berberine, polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, and l-carnitine	↓Inflammatory markers	Animal studies and small RCTs	[22–24]
3	Optimizing LDL-C treatment in statin intolerance	Vitamin D	May ↓ severity of SAMS	Small RCTs	[25]
		Coenzyme Q10	May ↓ severity of SAMS	Small RCTs	[26]
4	Optimizing LCL-C treatment when add-on therapies for statins are not available	Armolipid Plus®	Nutraceutical polypill approach to ↓ LDL-C	Small RCTs	[27]
5	Adjuncts to lifestyle for individuals at high lifetime risk of ASCVD	All nutraceuticals listed above	↓ Risk factors in patients with a low 10-year risk, but appreciable lifetime risk of CVD	NA	[28]

ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, RCT randomized controlled trial, SAMS statin-associated muscle symptoms