Table 1.

Prevalence of hydatid cysts/taenid eggs/Echinococcus spp. antigens in livestock, wildlife and canids in Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries (data from 1934 to 2018).

Study area	Host species	N	Np	(%)	Diagnostic test	Study period	Quality score	Index score	References
Zambia	Dogs	85	1	1.12	Necropsy	1980–1982	3	0.3	Islam and Chizyuka (1983)
	Cattle	268	50	18.65	Meat Inspection	1981–1982	5	0.5	Pandey and Sharma (1987)
	Dogs	540	43	7.96	CoproAg-ELISA	2005–2007	5	0.5	Nonaka et al. (2011)
	Cattle	4061	84	2.1	Coproscopy	2007–2008	8	0.8	Banda et al. (2013)
		158,456	4689	2.96	Meat inspection	1994–2007
Namibia	Giraffe	6	1	17	Meat inspection	1985–1986	3	0.3	Krecek et al. (1990)
Tanzania	Dogs	4	3	75	Necropsy	1985–1987	7	0.7	Macpherson et al. (1989a)
		6	2	33.3	Arecoline
	Pigs	70	3	4.3	Meat inspection	1997–1998	3	0.3	Ngowi et al. (2004)
	Panthera leo	6	2	33.3	Necropsy	1970	2	0.2	Rodgers (1974)
	Cattle	2677	1132	42.3	Meat inspection	1998–2001	6	0.6	Ernest et al. (2009)
	Goats	3047	1466	48.1
	Sheep	607	58	9.6
	Cattle	357	174	48.7
	Goats	619	255	41.2
	Sheep	105	67	63.8
	Cattle	115,186	4861	4.2	Meat inspection	2005–2007	3	0.3	Nonga and Karimuribo (2009)
	Sheep/goat	99,401	5984	6.02
	Cattle	115,185	15,245	13.2	Meat inspection	2005–2007	2	0.2	Mellau et al. (2011)
	Sheep	61,551	4768	7.7
	Goat	37,850	3192	8.5
	Cattle	115,185	3705	3.2	Meat inspection	2005–2007	2	0.2	Mellau et al. (2010)
	Sheep	61,551	2146	3.5
	Goat	37,850	1538	4.1
	Pigs	731	3	0.41	Meat inspection	2007–2008	3	0.3	Mkupasi et al. (2011)
	Cattle	30,713	799	2.60	Meat inspection	2010–2011	2	0.2	Komba et al. (2012)
	Dogs	442	55	12.4	Copro-ELISA		4	0.4	Ernest et al. (2013)
	Wild carnivores	88	12	13.6
	Sheep	90	15	16.6	Meat inspection	2013	4	0.4	Miran et al. (2017)
	Goats	90	20	22.2
South Africa	Dogs	25	5	20	Necropsy	1934	4	0.4	Ortlepp (1934)
	Cattle	4886 441	34,205	0.7	Meat inspection	1945–1960	5	0.5	Verster, 1962, Verster, 1961
	Goats, sheep	12,936 392	232,865	1.8
	Pig	735,852	2943	0,4
	Cattle	1,706,420	18,429	1.08	Meat inspection		5	0.5	Verster and Collins (1966)
	Goats, sheep	5,571,224	51,255	0.92
	Pig	674,762	6613	0.98
	Tragelaphus strepsiceros	96	1	1	Meat inspection	1981–1983	2	0.2	Fellis et al. (2003)
	Phacochoerus aethiopicus	6	1	16,6	Meat inspection	2006–2007	2	0.2	Van Wyk and Boomker (2011)
Swaziland	Cattle	5886	653	11.09	Meat inspection		2	0.2	Mitchell (1977)
Mozambique	Cattle	13,390	336	2.50	Meat inspection	1971–1972	2	0.2	Ferreira (1980)
	Dogs	643	0	0	Necropsy
	Cattle	426,866	8951	2.09	Meat inspection	1948–1958	3	0.3	de Castro-Amaro (1960)
	Pigs	76,956	281	0.36
	Sheep	92,028	120	0.13
Angola	Dogs	42	1	2.4	Necropsy		2	0.2	Gomes (2000)

Np = number of positive.