Table 2.
Multivariate multinomial logistic regression results for loneliness cluster among young adults, TYP 2000-2017 (N = 2,289).
| Loneliness Cluster/Class Contrast |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RRR (95%)/Ref = Emotional Loners |
||||||
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
||||
| Serious Emotional Loners | Severe Emotional & Social Loners | Serious Emotional Loners | Severe Emotional & Social Loners | Serious Emotional Loners | Severe Emotional & Social Loners | |
| Individual characteristics in early adolescence (at aged 15) | ||||||
| Adverse adolescence experience (AAE) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) | 1.42 (1.23, 1.63)*** | 1.05 (0.95, 1.15) | 1.38 (1.20, 1.60)*** | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 1.36 (1.18, 1.57)** |
| Early maturation (ref = Others) | 1.27 (0.96, 1.68)§ | 1.19 (0.79, 1.79) | 1.27 (0.97, 1.66)§ | 1.19 (0.79, 1.79) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.60) | 1.12 (0.73, 1.71) |
| Short sleep (ref = Others) | 1.06 (0.84, 1.34) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.29) | 0.75 (0.53, 1.06) § | 1.04 (0.82, 1.32) | 0.77 (0.54, 1.09) |
| Feeling of loneliness | ||||||
| During middle school | 1.66 (1.38, 1.98)*** | 2.27 (1.72, 3.00)*** | 1.41 (1.18, 1.68)*** | 1.91 (1.41, 2.60)*** | 1.32 (1.10, 1.57)** | 1.72 (1.26, 2.36)*** |
| During high school | 1.91 (1.61, 2.27)*** | 1.98 (1.40, 2.81)*** | 1.69 (1.42, 2.02)*** | 1.62 (1.11, 2.37)* | ||
| During college | 1.67 (1.37, 2.02)*** | 2.45 (1.63, 3.67)*** | ||||
| Covariates | ||||||
| Age | 0.99 (0.89, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.24) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.22) |
| Male | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) | 0.98 (0.71, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.23) | 1.04 (0.75, 1.44) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.26) | 1.07 (0.77, 1.47) |
| Attendance at a 4-year college | 0.69 (0.54, 0.87)*** | 0.64 (0.41, 1.00)* | 0.66 (0.52, 0.83)*** | 0.62 (0.39, 0.96)* | 0.63 (0.50, 0.81)** | 0.58 (0.37, 0.91)* |
| Being an only child | 0.82 (0.53, 1.26) | 0.47 (0.20, 1.14)§ | 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) | 0.45 (0.19, 1.10)§ | 0.72 (0.46, 1.16) | 0.42 (0.17, 1)* |
| Parental educational level | 1.05 (0.98, 1.14)§ | 1.15 (1.00, 1.32)* | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.30)§ | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32)§ |
| Residence during early adolescence (ref = Taipei City) | ||||||
| Taipei county | 0.89 (0.70, 1.13) | 0.92 (0.71, 1.18) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.18) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.13) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.18) |
| Yilan county | 0.90 (0.66, 1.22) | 0.84 (0.61, 1.16) | 0.89 (0.66, 1.20) | 0.83 (0.61, 1.14) | 0.89 (0.65, 1.22) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.20) |
Note: RRR = relative risk ratio; CI = confidence interval; All models adjust for sample clusters; §p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.