Table 1.
Characteristics of the general public and distribution of depression in China during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (N=1342).
| Variable | Total, n (%) | Depression, n (%) | No depression, n (%) |
Depression score, mean (SD) | P value | |||||||
| Demographic characteristics |
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Gender | .30 | ||||||||||
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Male | 500 (37.26) | 66 (13.20) | 434 (86.80) | 4.04 (5.68) |
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Female | 842 (62.74) | 116 (13.78) | 726 (86.22) | 4.35 (5.13) |
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Age (years) | .001 | ||||||||||
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≤35 | 597 (44.49) | 98 (16.42) | 499 (83.58) | 4.80 (5.57)a |
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>35 | 745 (55.51) | 84 (11.28) | 661 (88.72) | 3.78 (5.11) |
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Marital status | <.001 | ||||||||||
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Married | 898 (66.92) | 107 (11.92) | 791 (88.08) | 3.85 (5.07) |
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Other | 444 (33.09) | 75 (16.89) | 369 (83.11) | 5.03 (5.77)a |
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Occupation | <.001 | ||||||||||
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Government worker, civil servant, village committee worker, or enterprise employee | 377 (28.09) | 34 (9.02) | 343 (90.98) | 3.56 (4.99) |
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Health care worker | 279 (20.79) | 30 (10.75) | 249 (89.25) | 3.59 (4.71) |
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Student | 203 (15.13) | 37 (18.23) | 166 (81.77) | 5.00 (5.29)a |
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Teacher, lawyer, or journalist | 244 (18.18) | 37 (15.16) | 207 (84.84) | 4.48 (5.36)b |
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Other | 239 (17.81) | 44 (18.41) | 195 (81.59) | 5.19 (6.30)a |
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Education | .08 | ||||||||||
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Below junior college | 166 (12.37) | 165 (15.15) | 141 (84.85) | 4.41 (5.74) |
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Junior college | 709 (52.83) | 107 (15.09) | 602 (84.91) | 4.49 (5.67)b |
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Bachelor’s degree and above | 467 (34.80) | 50 (10.71) | 417 (89.29) | 3.80 (4.62) |
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Monthly income (¥)c | .006 | ||||||||||
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≤5000 | 445 (33.16) | 77 (17.30) | 368 (82.70) | 3.72 (4.98) |
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5001-10,000 | 535 (39.87) | 53 (9.91) | 482 (90.09) | 3.21 (4.17) |
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>10,000 | 362 (26.97) | 52 (14.36) | 310 (85.64) | 3.54 (4.44) |
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| Psychological Responses |
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Feeling stressed | <.001 | ||||||||||
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Disagree | 370 (27.57) | 16 (4.32) | 354 (95.68) | 1.72 (3.48) |
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Not sure | 634 (47.24) | 63 (9.94) | 571 (90.06) | 3.85 (4.48)a |
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Agree | 338 (25.19) | 103 (30.47) | 235 (69.53) | 7.74 (6.60)a |
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Feeling helpless | <.001 | ||||||||||
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Disagree | 554 (41.28) | 103 (18.59) | 451 (81.41) | 2.44 (4.18) |
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Not sure | 443 (33.01) | 49 (11.06) | 394 (88.94) | 4.09 (4.61)a |
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Agree | 345 (25.71) | 30 (8.70) | 315 (91.30) | 7.32 (6.41)a |
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Persistently being worried even with support | <.001 | ||||||||||
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Disagree | 648 (48.29) | 24 (3.70) | 624 (96.30) | 2.05 (3.46) |
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Not sure | 313 (23.32) | 37 (11.82) | 276 (88.18) | 4.30 (4.67)a |
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Agree | 381 (28.39) | 121 (31.76) | 260 (68.24) | 7.91 (6.39)a |
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Being calm | <.001 | ||||||||||
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Agree | 521 (38.82) | 33 (6.33) | 488 (93.67) | 2.74 (4.44) |
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Not sure | 548 (40.83) | 73 (13.32) | 475 (86.68) | 4.36 (4.94)a |
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Disagree | 273 (20.35) | 76 (27.84) | 197 (72.16) | 6.86 (6.53)a |
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Being optimistic | <.001 | ||||||||||
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Agree | 410 (30.55) | 39 (9.51) | 371 (90.49) | 3.32 (5.10) |
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Not sure | 425 (31.67) | 42 (9.88) | 383 (90.12) | 3.63 (4.50) |
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Disagree | 507 (37.78) | 101 (19.92) | 406 (80.08) | 5.50 (5.99)a |
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| Behavioral responses |
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Never feeling clean after disinfecting; scrubbing hands and items repeatedly | <.001 | ||||||||||
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No | 543 (40.46) | 35 (6.45) | 508 (93.55) | 2.73 (4.41) |
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Sometimes | 402 (29.96) | 60 (14.93) | 342 (85.07) | 4.83 (4.96)a |
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Always | 397 (29.58) | 87 (21.91) | 310 (78.09) | 5.71 (6.28)a |
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Hoarding food, medicine, or daily supplies | <.001 | ||||||||||
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Disagree | 595 (44.34) | 55 (9.24) | 540 (90.76) | 3.07 (4.60) |
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Not sure | 492 (36.66) | 57 (11.59) | 435 (88.41) | 4.27 (4.66)a |
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Agree | 255 (19.00) | 70 (27.45) | 185 (72.55) | 6.89 (7.00)a |
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Social avoidance to avoid infection | .053 | ||||||||||
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Disagree | 275 (20.49) | 36 (13.09） | 239 (86.91) | 3.89 (5.24) |
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Not sure | 547 (40.76) | 63 (11.52) | 484 (88.48) | 3.99 (4.76) |
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Agree | 520 (38.75) | 83 (15.96) | 437 (84.04) | 4.68 (5.93) |
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Being distracted from work or study | <.001 | ||||||||||
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Disagree | 443 (33.01) | 3 (0.68) | 440 (99.32) | 1.23 (2.33) |
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Not sure | 379 (28.24) | 32 (8.44) | 347 (91.56) | 3.27 (3.90)a |
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Agree | 520 (38.75) | 147 (28.27) | 373 (71.73) | 7.51 (6.24)a |
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Social support | <.001 | ||||||||||
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Yes | 1198 (89.27) | 146 (12.19) | 1052 (87.81) | 4.00 (5.08) |
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No | 144 (10.73) | 36 (25.00) | 108 (75.00) | 6.21 (6.89)a |
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aSignificant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).
bSignificant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).
c1 ¥ = US $0.15.