Table 2.
Hierarchical linear regression analysis of depression among the general population in China during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Variable | β | Standardized β | 95% CI | P value | Adjusted R2 | ΔR2 | ||
| Demographic characteristics | 0.023 | 0.031 | ||||||
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Gender (male vs female) | –0.429 | –0.039 | –0.926 to 0.068 | .09 |
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Age (>35 years vs ≤35 years) | –0.082 | –0.008 | –0.675 to 0.511 | .79 |
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Marital status (married vs other) | –0.669 | –0.059 |
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.06 |
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Occupation | |||||||
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Health care worker | 0.407 | 0.031 | –0.259 to 1.073 | .23 |
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Student | 0.277 | 0.019 | –0.599 to 1.154 | .54 |
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Teacher, lawyer, or journalist | 0.745 | 0.054 | 0.066 to 1.425 | .03a |
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Other | 0.502 | 0.036 | –0.188 to 1.192 | .15 |
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Education | |||||||
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Below junior college vs bachelor’s degree and above | 0.437 | 0.027 | –0.299 to 1.174 | .25 |
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Junior college vs bachelor’s degree and above | 0.433 | 0.040 | –0.053 to 0.919 | .08 |
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Monthly income (¥)b | |||||||
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≤5000 vs >10,000 | 0.382 | 0.034 | –0.226 to 0.991 | .22 |
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5001-10,000 vs >10,000 | –0.231 | –0.021 | –0.791 to 0.330 | .42 |
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| Psychological responses | 0.306 | 0.286 | ||||||
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Feeling stressed | |||||||
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Not sure vs disagree | –0.161 | –0.015 | –0.805 to 0.482 | .62 |
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Agree vs disagree | 1.631 | 0.133 | 0.813 to 2.448 | <.001c |
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Feeling helpless | |||||||
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Not sure vs disagree | 0.665 | 0.059 | 0.097 to 1.234 | .02a |
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Agree vs disagree | 1.717 | 0.141 | 1.076 to 2.358 | <.001c |
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Persistently being worried even with support | |||||||
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Not sure vs disagree | 0.822 | 0.065 | 0.156 to 1.488 | .016a |
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Agree vs disagree | 2.016 | 0.170 | 1.299 to 2.733 | <.001c |
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Being calm | |||||||
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Agree vs disagree | –1.365 | –0.125 | –2.081 to –0.649 | <.001c |
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Not sure vs disagree | –0.477 | –0.044 | –1.115 to 0.160 | .14 |
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Being optimistic | |||||||
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Agree vs disagree | 0.318 | 0.027 | –0.296 to 0.933 | .31 |
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Not sure vs disagree | –0.407 | –0.035 | –0.968 to 0.153 | .15 |
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| Behavioral responses | 0.404 | 0.101 | ||||||
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Never feeling clean after disinfecting; scrubbing hands and items repeatedly | |||||||
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Sometimes vs no | 0.175 | 0.015 | –0.398 to 0.748 | .55 |
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Always vs no | 0.803 | 0.069 | 0.231 to 1.374 | .006c |
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Hoarding food, medicine, or daily supplies | |||||||
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Not sure vs disagree | –0.157 | –0.014 | –0.683 to 0.369 | .56 |
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Agree vs disagree | 1.393 | 0.102 | 0.686 to 2.099 | <.001c |
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Social avoidance to avoid infection | |||||||
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Not sure vs disagree | –0.421 | –0.039 | –1.060 to 0.218 | .20 |
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Agreed vs disagree | –0.121 | –0.011 | –0.793 to 0.550 | .72 |
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Being distracted from work or study | |||||||
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Not sure vs disagree | 0.951 | 0.080 | 0.311 to 1.590 | .004c |
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Agree vs disagree | 3.842 | 0.351 | 3.219 to 4.464 | <.001c |
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| Social support (yes vs no) | –0.943 | –0.055 | –1.682 to –0.205 | .012a | 0.406 | 0.003 | ||
aSignificant at the .05 level (two-tailed).
b1 ¥ = US $0.15.
cSignificant at the .01 level (two-tailed).