Table 3.
Marginal effects estimated by GEE regression of DOT/1000 resident days unadjusted and adjusted for resident characteristics and comorbidities
| Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marginal effect | 99% CI | p-value | Marginal effect | 99% CI | p-value | |
| Year | 4.09 | 1.18, 6.99 | < 0.001 | 3.12 | −0.05, 6.29 | 0.011 |
| Month | ||||||
| January | Reference | Reference | ||||
| February | −0.19 | −3.71, 3.33 | 0.889 | 0.98 | −3.01, 4.96 | 0.527 |
| March | −0.67 | −4.71, 3.38 | 0.672 | −0.03 | −4.53, 4.46 | 0.985 |
| April | −2.08 | −6.12, 1.96 | 0.185 | −1.23 | −5.52, 3.06 | 0.459 |
| May | 3.52 | −1.06, 8.11 | 0.048 | 5.14 | 0.2, 10.08 | 0.007 |
| June | 3.95 | −0.78, 8.69 | 0.032 | 5.51 | 0.32, 10.7 | 0.006 |
| July | 8.27 | 3.32, 13.21 | 0.000 | 9.70 | 4.37, 15.03 | < 0.001 |
| August | 10.51 | 5.38, 15.63 | 0.000 | 12.36 | 6.91, 17.81 | < 0.001 |
| September | 5.48 | 0.79, 10.17 | 0.003 | 7.47 | 2.36, 12.59 | < 0.001 |
| October | 0.01 | −4.65, 4.66 | 0.998 | 1.36 | −3.79, 6.51 | 0.496 |
| November | 0.06 | −4.47, 4.6 | 0.971 | 1.83 | −3.25, 6.92 | 0.352 |
| December | 3.38 | −0.78, 7.55 | 0.036 | 5.40 | 0.59, 10.2 | 0.004 |
| WHO Watch List Antibiotic | 219.56 | 187.14, 251.97 | < 0.001 | 247.04 | 206.61, 287.47 | < 0.001 |
| WHO Watch List antibiotic x year | −0.41 | −5.96, 5.14 | 0.849 | −1.64 | −7.96, 4.67 | 0.503 |
| Age | 2.28 | 0.00, 3.91 | 0.000 | |||
| Age at admission | −0.54 | −2.05, 0.97 | 0.358 | |||
| Men | −2.48 | −12.99, 8.02 | 0.542 | |||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Dementia | −9.93 | −19.12, −0.74 | 0.005 | |||
| Chronic respiratory disease | 27.48 | 16.66, 38.31 | < 0.001 | |||
| Urinary incontinence | 3.36 | −4.57, 11.28 | 0.275 | |||
| History of UTI | 50.18 | 32.01, 68.36 | < 0.001 | |||
| History of wound | 28.78 | 1.28, 56.28 | 0.007 | |||
| History of SSTI | 30.07 | 5.28, 54.86 | 0.002 | |||
| Presence of resistant infectious organisms | ||||||
| MRSA | 54.74 | 15.46, 94.03 | < 0.001 | |||
| Clostridioides difficile | −19.86 | −94.4, 54.67 | 0.492 | |||
| ESBL | 106.52 | − 101.52, 314.56 | 0.187 | |||
| In-dwelling catheter | 45.83 | 6.72, 84.94 | 0.003 | |||
GEE is generalised estimating equations. DOT is days of therapy. CI is confidence interval. MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ESBL is extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Model includes fixed effects for facilities to adjust for clustering within facilities. Marginal effects can be interpreted as the change in DOT/1000 resident days associated with a change in a given independent variable from the base/reference level, independent of all the other covariates in the model