Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of each outcome measure in the pre-test and post-test
| Variable | CG (n = 198) | EG (n = 287) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-test | Post-test | Pre-test | Post-test | |
| Age (years) | 20.24 ± 0.81 | 20.14 ± 0.37 | ||
| Gender (female) n (%) | 279 (57.5%) | 186 (38.4%) | ||
| SECC | ||||
| Basic biomedical science | 4.60 ± 0.75 | 4.86 ± 0.73 | 4.62 ± 0.69 | 5.00 ± 0.59 |
| General clinical skills | 5.05 ± 0.70 | 5.21 ± 0.71 | 5.07 ± 0.68 | 5.47 ± 0.62 |
| Communication and teamwork capability | 5.55 ± 0.73 | 5.61 ± 0.80 | 5.58 ± 0.75 | 5.85 ± 0.73 |
| Critical thinking and reasoning | 4.84 ± 0.82 | 5.12 ± 0.73 | 4.85 ± 0.80 | 5.33 ± 0.70 |
| Caring | 5.73 ± 0.76 | 5.68 ± 0.84 | 5.69 ± 0.79 | 5.98 ± 0.72 |
| Ethics | 5.97 ± 0.73 | 5.85 ± 0.82 | 5.90 ± 0.72 | 6.17 ± 0.66 |
| Accountability | 5.78 ± 0.79 | 5.81 ± 0.82 | 5.77 ± 0.75 | 6.05 ± 0.66 |
| Life-long learning | 5.40 ± 0.87 | 5.54 ± 0.84 | 5.44 ± 0.81 | 5.72 ± 0.71 |
| Estimated competence after graduation* | 4.86 ± 0.97 | 5.22 ± 0.93 | 5.03 ± 0.96 | 5.34 ± 0.81 |
| Overall | 5.38 ± 0.66 | 5.48 ± 0.63 | 5.39 ± 0.64 | 5.71 ± 0.56 |
| MINS | ||||
| Self-monitoring** | 3.20 ± 0.64 | 3.44 ± 0.59 | 3.39 ± 0.63 | 3.55 ± 0.63 |
| Self-modification | 3.65 ± 0.58 | 3.75 ± 0.60 | 3.65 ± 0.56 | 3.87 ± 0.57 |
| Self-awareness*** | 2.93 ± 0.58 | 3.29 ± 0.60 | 3.12 ± 0.59 | 3.30 ± 0.61 |
| Effective learning | 3.48 ± 0.56 | 3.71 ± 0.58 | 3.50 ± 0.59 | 3.68 ± 0.60 |
| Problem solving | 3.30 ± 0.55 | 3.47 ± 0.58 | 3.39 ± 0.57 | 3.56 ± 0.57 |
| Overall* | 3.30 ± 0.49 | 3.52 ± 0.52 | 3.41 ± 0.51 | 3.59 ± 0.52 |
| SDLRS | ||||
| Learning motivation | 3.47 ± 0.63 | 3.58 ± 0.63 | 3.46 ± 0.58 | 3.65 ± 0.59 |
| Active learning | 3.72 ± 0.47 | 3.73 ± 0.56 | 3.66 ± 0.51 | 3.81 ± 0.48 |
| Love of learning | 3.48 ± 0.58 | 3.55 ± 0.56 | 3.43 ± 0.55 | 3.61 ± 0.55 |
| Independent learning | 3.46 ± 0.44 | 3.37 ± 0.53 | 3.39 ± 0.51 | 3.30 ± 0.58 |
| Creative learning | 3.51 ± 0.63 | 3.57 ± 0.61 | 3.46 ± 0.62 | 3.60 ± 0.62 |
| Effective learning | 3.04 ± 0.70 | 3.29 ± 0.68 | 3.11 ± 0.63 | 3.31 ± 0.68 |
| Overall | 3.45 ± 0.43 | 3.53 ± 0.46 | 3.42 ± 0.43 | 3.57 ± 0.43 |
| Flipped classroom Satisfaction | ||||
| Teacher’s teaching*** | 3.82 ± 0.55 | 4.13 ± 0.51 | ||
| Course content*** | 3.72 ± 0. 61 | 3.97 ± 0. 63 | ||
| Learning environment*** | 3.97 ± 0.61 | 4.20 ± 0.57 | ||
| Administration service*** | 3.73 ± 0.66 | 4.03 ± 0.61 | ||
| Overall*** | 3.83 ± 0.55 | 4.11 ± 0.47 | ||
CG Control group, EG Experimental group, SECC Self-Evaluated Core Competencies Scale, MINS Metacognitive Inventory for Nursing Students, SDLRS Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (Independent samples t-test was used to identify the statistical significance in the pre-test between the control and experimental groups)