Table 2.
Some Examples of Emerging Methods Used to Measure the Composition and Chemistry of Indoor Surfaces
| Method | Abbreviation | Target | Chemical Property Measured | Analyte Measurement | Select References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indoor surface extractor | ISE | extractable organic films | Organic species (semi- to non-volatile) | GC-MS, LC-MS, high resolution MS, offline AMS | O'Brien et al.,93 |
| Direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry | DART-MS | organic composition | organic species | ambient ionization mass spectrometry |
Zhou et al.,41,42,94 Schwartz-Narbonne et al.,68 |
| Sum frequency generation imaging | SFG imaging | surface order and structure | non-centrosymmetric vibrations | higher order vibrational spectroscopy |
Wang et al.95,96 |
| Atomic force microscopy with photothermal infrared spectroscopy | AFM-PTIR | thin-film composition | infrared absorption | photothermal expansion after absorption of infrared radiation | Or et al.,76,97 Bondy et al.98 |
| Acidity from Raman spectroscopy | Raman pH | Surface acidity | pH (through acid-conjugate base) | vibrational spectroscopy (Raman scattering) | Craig et al., 83 Rindelaub et al.84 |