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. 2020 Sep 14;16:353–365. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S264130

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© 2020 Yehualashet et al.

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Cellular energy–metabolism pathways.

Notes: Major routes for ATP production from catabolism of fatty acids and glucose in cardiomyocytes. Proteins and enzymes known to be regulated by PPARα are indicated by a star. 1) Four chain length–specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenases; 2) enoyl-CoA hydratase; 3) 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; (4) 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. Reproduced from Fink BN. The PPAR regulatory system in cardiac physiology and disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2007;73(7):269–277, by permission of Oxford University Press.¹¹

Abbreviations: FATP, fatty acid–transport protein; FAT/CD36, fatty-acid translocase; FABP, fatty acid–binding protein; ACS, acyl-CoA synthetase; GLUTs, glucose transporters; CPT, carnitine palmitoyltransferase; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; ANT, adenine nucleotide translocator.