Table 5.

Summary Statistics for Outcome Measures across the Three Cohorts with the P Values for the Change Points in the Corresponding Regression Models

	Cohort 1	Cohort 2	Cohort 3	P Value Change (2 mg→1 mg)	P Value Change (1 mg→2 mg)
Hydromorphone (binary)	2,183 (21.2%)	296 (10.3%)	226 (16.6%)	< 0.0001	0.008
Hydromorphone, mg	0.8 (0.6)	0.7 (0.5)	0.8 (0.7)	< 0.0001	0.008
PACU morphine milligram equivalents	15.6 ± 21.5	15.6 ± 21.9	15.6 ± 25.7	0.106	0.784
Intraoperative morphine milligram equivalents	38.7 ± 25.8	35.7 ± 24.8	34.22 ± 24.8	0.984	0.238
Intraoperative fentanyl, mcg	145.9 ± 111.4	139.0 ± 115.2	126.6 ± 104.5	0.245	0.111
Total encounter morphine milligram equivalents	54.2 ± 36.1	51.3 ± 36.6	49.8 ± 38.2	0.320	0.513
Admission PACU pain score	3.1 ± 3.7	3.5 ± 3.8	3.4 ± 3.7	0.316	0.068
Discharge PACU pain score	2.6 ± 2.6	2.8 ± 2.7	2.6 ± 2.7	0.536	0.214

Summary statistics for the outcome measures are reported for each of the three cohorts. Cohorts 1 and 3 refer to the time periods with a 2-mg unit dose presentation, and cohort 2 refers to the time period with a 1-mg unit dose presentation. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD, and categorical variables are presented as number (percentage). Hydromorphone (binary) represents the proportion of patients who were administered greater than 1 mg of hydromorphone intraoperatively. For each outcome variable, the P values for the change-points in the segmented regression models are provided. PACU, postanesthesia care unit.