Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by healthy diet score
| Healthy Diet Score* | P value† | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤3 (n = 861) | 4 (n = 1021) | 5 (n = 1328) | 6 (n = 1420) | 7 (n = 773) | ≥8 (n = 299) | ||
| Age (years) | 9.75 ± 1.29‡ | 9.57 ± 1.18 | 9.49 ± 1.15 | 9.44 ± 1.19 | 9.56 ± 1.11 | 9.47 ± 1.14 | < 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.50 ± 3.55 | 17.23 ± 3.21 | 17.31 ± 3.20 | 17.04 ± 3.09 | 17.02 ± 2.93 | 16.79 ± 2.87 | < 0.0001 |
| WC (cm) | 59.30 ± 9.50 | 58.94 ± 9.32 | 58.67 ± 8.76 | 57.83 ± 8.61 | 58.04 ± 8.19 | 57.49 ± 8.07 | < 0.0001 |
| PBF (%) | 24.65 ± 4.65 | 24.32 ± 4.66 | 24.22 ± 4.91 | 23.53 ± 4.92 | 23.26 ± 4.84 | 23.01 ± 4.72 | < 0.0001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 101.21 ± 11.09 | 100.92 ± 10.80 | 100.37 ± 10.89 | 100.24 ± 10.98 | 100.54 ± 10.61 | 100.75 ± 10.14 | 0.11 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 64.91 ± 9.31 | 64.23 ± 9.38 | 64.18 ± 8.89 | 63.81 ± 9.09 | 63.89 ± 8.56 | 64.00 ± 8.89 | 0.013 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 3.96 ± 0.71 | 3.97 ± 0.73 | 4.04 ± 0.77 | 4.15 ± 0.83 | 4.25 ± 0.83 | 4.28 ± 0.77 | < 0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.46 ± 0.31 | 1.46 ± 0.32 | 1.45 ± 0.29 | 1.48 ± 0.30 | 1.51 ± 0.30 | 1.49 ± 0.30 | 0.0012 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.94 ± 0.64 | 2.02 ± 0.60 | 2.14 ± 0.64 | 2.20 ± 0.63 | 2.26 ± 0.63 | 2.27 ± 0.58 | < 0.0001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.79 ± 0.43 | 0.80 ± 0.41 | 0.85 ± 0.48 | 0.84 ± 0.46 | 0.82 ± 0.45 | 0.78 ± 0.39 | 0.18 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.47 ± 0.61 | 4.46 ± 0.60 | 4.48 ± 0.58 | 4.55 ± 0.53 | 4.61 ± 0.47 | 4.62 ± 0.42 | < 0.0001 |
| CMRS | −0.27 ± 2.46 | −0.25 ± 2.53 | −0.09 ± 2.35 | −0.26 ± 2.34 | −0.30 ± 2.30 | −0.22 ± 2.35 | 0.86 |
| Physical activity (MET/week) | 608.3 ± 444.3 | 621.4 ± 490. 8 | 666.3 ± 592.7 | 620.0 ± 586.1 | 605.8 ± 613.0 | 676.4 ± 723.9 | 0.55 |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1268.6 ± 529.1 | 1281.9 ± 594.2 | 1326.8 ± 626.0 | 1274.8 ± 582.0 | 1217.1 ± 560.3 | 1152.5 ± 523.4 | 0.0018 |
| Refined grains (gram/100 kcal/day) | 1.60 ± 2.54 | 1.62 ± 3.63 | 1.93 ± 4.40 | 3.21 ± 6.18 | 3.64 ± 6.12 | 3.39 ± 6.22 | < 0.0001 |
| Seafood (gram/100 kcal/day) | 0.44 ± 1.61 | 0.96 ± 2.37 | 1.56 ± 2.93 | 2.72 ± 3.90 | 4.19 ± 4.97 | 5.17 ± 4.86 | < 0.0001 |
| Fried foods (gram/100 kcal/day) | 1.96 ± 2.37 | 1.15 ± 2.11 | 0.66 ± 1.85 | 0.28 ± 1.16 | 0.12 ± 0.62 | 0.04 ± 0.43 | < 0.0001 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages (gram/100 kcal/day) | 3.39 ± 5.07 | 2.84 ± 5.37 | 1.85 ± 4.47 | 1.28 ± 4.14 | 0.58 ± 2.48 | 0.23 ± 2.09 | < 0.0001 |
| Rice (gram/100 kcal/day) | 3.97 ± 2.82 | 4.98 ± 4.19 | 6.32 ± 5.08 | 9.08 ± 6.73 | 11.21 ± 8.67 | 12.60 ± 6.61 | < 0.0001 |
| Wheat (gram/100 kcal/day) | 7.28 ± 3.99 | 6.98 ± 4.48 | 6.41 ± 5.06 | 5.03 ± 4.91 | 3.47 ± 3.79 | 2.33 ± 2.44 | < 0.0001 |
| Fungi and algae (gram/100 kcal/day) | 0.95 ± 1.32 | 0.69 ± 1.29 | 0.45 ± 1.25 | 0.32 ± 0.85 | 0.21 ± 0.77 | 0.08 ± 0.37 | < 0.0001 |
| Roots and tubers (gram/100 kcal/day) | 2.76 ± 2.62 | 2.30 ± 3.01 | 1.71 ± 2.89 | 1.19 ± 2.56 | 0.72 ± 1.92 | 0.39 ± 1.23 | < 0.0001 |
| Red meat other than pork (gram/100 kcal/day) | 0.24 ± 0.94 | 0.41 ± 1.27 | 0.67 ± 1.88 | 1.00 ± 2.29 | 1.30 ± 2.31 | 2.06 ± 2.95 | < 0.0001 |
| Protein intake (g/100 Kcal/day) | 3.97 ± 0.81 | 4.10 ± 0.97 | 4.21 ± 1.04 | 4.39 ± 1.19 | 4.82 ± 1.22 | 5.17 ± 1.38 | < 0.0001 |
| Fat intake (g/100 Kcal/day) | 3.03 ± 1.07 | 3.03 ± 1.16 | 2.92 ± 1.23 | 2.92 ± 1.21 | 2.93 ± 1.07 | 2.92 ± 0.99 | 0.0084 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/100 Kcal/day) | 14.40 ± 2.58 | 14.24 ± 2.83 | 14.35 ± 3.07 | 14.20 ± 3.13 | 13.74 ± 2.90 | 13.35 ± 2.93 | < 0.0001 |
| Fibre intake (g/100 Kcal/day) | 0.65 ± 0.36 | 0.58 ± 0.39 | 0.52 ± 0.32 | 0.48 ± 0.30 | 0.46 ± 0.25 | 0.43 ± 0.23 | < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin C intake (mg/100 Kcal/day) | 3.15 ± 2.11 | 3.23 ± 2.58 | 3.11 ± 2.55 | 3.27 ± 2.88 | 3.45 ± 2.69 | 3.41 ± 2.57 | 0.0164 |
| Vitamin E intake (mg/100 Kcal/day) | 0.31 ± 0.26 | 0.29 ± 0.21 | 0.26 ± 0.16 | 0.26 ± 0.17 | 0.25 ± 0.15 | 0.26 ± 0.16 | < 0.0001 |
| Carotene intake (ug/100 Kcal/day) | 73.42 ± 64.62 | 73.52 ± 83.18 | 72.64 ± 79.47 | 79.83 ± 95.19 | 83.16 ± 99.95 | 78.82 ± 82.90 | 0.0055 |
| Magnesium intake (mg/100 Kcal/day) | 15.19 ± 3.51 | 14.94 ± 3.59 | 14.77 ± 3.78 | 14.72 ± 3.77 | 15.12 ± 3.91 | 15.44 ± 4.15 | 0.99 |
| Potassium intake (mg/100 Kcal/day) | 102.00 ± 26.22 | 100.95 ± 32.25 | 97.17 ± 31.47 | 99.02 ± 35.06 | 102.44 ± 33.10 | 104.67 ± 32.89 | 0.55 |
| Phosphorus intake (mg/100 Kcal/day) | 58.39 ± 10.29 | 59.32 ± 12.05 | 60.12 ± 13.49 | 62.13 ± 15.07 | 65.51 ± 14.03 | 68.70 ± 16.19 | < 0.0001 |
| Calcium intake (mg/100 Kcal/day) | 30.84 ± 13.12 | 30.61 ± 14.84 | 29.41 ± 15.20 | 30.01 ± 18.41 | 30.53 ± 15.54 | 31.44 ± 15.90 | 0.90 |
| Iron intake (mg/100 Kcal/day) | 1.39 ± 1.05 | 1.24 ± 0.88 | 1.14 ± 0.54 | 1.14 ± 0.52 | 1.14 ± 0.35 | 1.16 ± 0.29 | < 0.0001 |
| Sex | 0.0001 | ||||||
| Boys | 384 (44.6)§ | 481 (47.1) | 654 (49.2) | 708 (49.9) | 414 (53.6) | 155 (51.8) | |
| Girls | 477 (55.4) | 540 (52.9) | 674 (50.8) | 712 (50.1) | 359 (46.4) | 144 (48.2) | |
| Grade | 0.0001 | ||||||
| Two | 217 (25.2) | 276 (27.0) | 385 (29.0) | 431 (30.4) | 212 (27.4) | 96 (32.1) | |
| Three | 209 (24.3) | 291 (28.5) | 381 (28.7) | 380 (26.8) | 205 (26.5) | 73 (24.4) | |
| Four | 231 (26.8) | 267 (26.2) | 362 (27.3) | 384 (27.0) | 231 (29.9) | 88 (29.4) | |
| Five | 204 (23.7) | 187 (18.3) | 200 (15.1) | 225 (15.8) | 125 (16.2) | 42 (14.0) | |
| Puberty | 0.12 | ||||||
| Yes | 782 (90.8) | 931 (91.2) | 1239 (93.3) | 1316 (92.7) | 711 (92.0) | 278 (93.0) | |
| No | 79 (9.2) | 90 (8.8) | 89 (6.7) | 104 (7.3) | 62 (8.0) | 21 (7.0) | |
| Birth weight | 0.42 | ||||||
| < 2500 g | 31 (3.6) | 27 (2.6) | 50 (3.8) | 56 (3.9) | 23 (3.0) | 10 (3.3) | |
| 2500–3999 g | 696 (80.8) | 793 (77.7) | 1048 (78.9) | 1114 (78.5) | 635 (82.1) | 244 (81.6) | |
| ≥ 4000 g | 77 (8.9) | 118 (11.6) | 129 (9.7) | 119 (8.4) | 47 (6.1) | 21 (7.0) | |
| Missing | 57 (6.6) | 83 (8.1) | 101 (7.6) | 131 (9.2) | 68 (8.8) | 24 (8.0) | |
| Mother’s BMI | 0.0008 | ||||||
| < 24 kg/m2 | 641 (74.4) | 765 (74.9) | 980 (73.8) | 1113 (78.4) | 587 (75.9) | 258 (86.3) | |
| 24–27.9 kg/m2 | 159 (18.5) | 176 (17.2) | 235 (17.7) | 203 (14.3) | 136 (17.6) | 25 (8.4) | |
| ≥ 28 kg/m2 | 24 (2.8) | 28 (2.7) | 40 (3.0) | 22 (1.5) | 15 (1.9) | 6 (2.0) | |
| Missing | 37 (4.3) | 52 (5.1) | 73 (5.5) | 82 (5.8) | 35 (4.5) | 10 (3.3) | |
| Father’s BMI | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| < 24 kg/m2 | 433 (50.3) | 515 (50.4) | 641 (48.3) | 769 (54.2) | 459 (59.4) | 173 (57.9) | |
| 24–27.9 kg/m2 | 307 (35.7) | 346 (33.9) | 494 (37.2) | 477 (33.6) | 217 (28.1) | 102 (34.1) | |
| ≥ 28 kg/m2 | 84 (9.8) | 108 (10.6) | 120 (9.0) | 92 (6.5) | 62 (8.0) | 14 (4.7) | |
| Missing | 37 (4.3) | 52 (5.1) | 73 (5.5) | 82 (5.8) | 35 (4.5) | 10 (3.3) | |
| Mother’s education | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| < 7 years | 132 (15.3) | 135 (13.2) | 151 (11.4) | 163 (11.5) | 65 (8.4) | 11 (3.7) | |
| 7–12 years | 530 (61.6) | 606 (59.4) | 804 (60.5) | 835 (58.8) | 464 (60.0) | 191 (63.9) | |
| ≥ 13 years | 144 (16.7) | 205 (20.1) | 274 (20.6) | 315 (22.2) | 188 (24.3) | 82 (27.4) | |
| Missing | 55 (6.4) | 75 (7.3) | 99 (7.5) | 107 (7.5) | 56 (7.2) | 15 (5.0) | |
| Father’s education | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| < 7 years | 80 (9.3) | 69 (6.8) | 101 (7.6) | 80 (5.6) | 36 (4.7) | 7 (2.3) | |
| 7–12 years | 552 (64.1) | 658 (64.4) | 835 (62.9) | 851 (59.9) | 467 (60.4) | 194 (64.9) | |
| ≥ 13 years | 180 (20.9) | 223 (21.8) | 297 (22.4) | 385 (27.1) | 214 (27.7) | 85 (28.4) | |
| Missing | 49 (5.7) | 71 (7.0) | 95 (7.2) | 104 (7.3) | 56 (7.2) | 13 (4.3) | |
| Household income per month | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| < 750 RMB | 108 (12.5) | 145 (14.2) | 153 (11.5) | 149 (10.5) | 67 (8.7) | 13 (4.3) | |
| 751–1500 RMB | 317 (36.8) | 339 (33.2) | 420 (31.6) | 414 (29.2) | 199 (25.7) | 70 (23.4) | |
| 1501–2500 RMB | 217 (25.2) | 246 (24.1) | 336 (25.3) | 335 (23.6) | 204 (26.4) | 91 (30.4) | |
| ≥ 2501 RMB | 150 (17.4) | 208 (20.4) | 307 (23.1) | 400 (28.2) | 243 (31.4) | 110 (36.8) | |
| Missing | 69 (8.0) | 83 (8.1) | 112 (8.4) | 122 (8.6) | 60 (7.8) | 15 (5.0) | |
| Intervention | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| No | 288 (33.4) | 440 (43.1) | 695 (52.3) | 729 (51.3) | 361 (46.7) | 116 (38.8) | |
| Yes | 573 (66.6) | 581 (56.9) | 633 (47.7) | 691 (48.7) | 412 (53.3) | 183 (61.2) | |
BMI, body mass index; CMRS, cardiometabolic risk score; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride
*HDS was computed by summing sub-scores with each of the leading dietary predictors as one point according to their associations with CMRS. For example, more than the median intake of fruit was scored as 1 and equal or less as 0, if fruit intake was inversely associated with CMRS
†ANOVA was used to test the difference of continuous variables across healthy diet score and Chi-square for categorical variables
‡All such data were mean ± standard deviation
§All such data were frequency (percentage)