Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Variable | Total (n= 1113) | Without Pneumonia (n=947) | With Pneumonia (n=166) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 79.9 ± 7.5 | 78.8 ± 7.2 | 86.4 ± 5.8 | <0.001 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 3.0 | 24.1 ± 2.8 | 20.6 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 105.8 ± 13.8 | 105.9 ± 14.0 | 104.8 ± 12.8 | 0.335 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 36.7 ± 3.1 | 37.3 ± 2.6 | 33.3 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 58.8 ± 32.3 | 54.0 ± 29.2 | 85.8 ± 35.5 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 83.6 ± 67.9 | 83.6 ± 64.6 | 83.9 ± 84.3 | 0.950 |
| Operative time, min | 52.1 ± 11.4 | 51.9 ± 10.8 | 53.0 ± 14.1 | 0.225 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 9.1 ± 3.6 | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 13.3 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Gender | 0.450 | |||
| Male | 384 (34.5%) | 331 (35.0%) | 53 (31.9%) | |
| Female | 729 (65.5%) | 616 (65.0%) | 113 (68.1%) | |
| Anesthesia type | 0.240 | |||
| Regional | 819 (73.6%) | 703 (74.2%) | 116 (69.9%) | |
| General | 294 (26.4%) | 244 (25.8%) | 50 (30.1%) | |
| ASA classification | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 120 (10.8%) | 117 (12.4%) | 3 (1.8%) | |
| 2 | 549 (49.3%) | 523 (55.2%) | 26 (15.7%) | |
| 3 | 390 (35.0%) | 280 (29.6%) | 110 (66.3%) | |
| 4 | 54 (4.9%) | 27 (2.9%) | 27 (16.3%) | |
| Functional status | <0.001 | |||
| Independent | 905 (81.3%) | 828 (87.4%) | 77 (46.4%) | |
| Dependent | 208 (18.7%) | 119 (12.6%) | 89 (53.6%) | |
| Time to surgery | <0.001 | |||
| Less than 48 h | 635 (57.1%) | 611 (64.5%) | 24 (14.5%) | |
| More than 48 h | 478 (42.9%) | 336 (35.5%) | 142 (85.5%) | |
| Smoking | 0.287 | |||
| No | 911 (81.9%) | 780 (82.4%) | 131 (78.9%) | |
| Yes | 202 (18.1%) | 167 (17.6%) | 35 (21.1%) | |
| Drinking | 0.977 | |||
| No | 958 (86.1%) | 815 (86.1%) | 143 (86.1%) | |
| Yes | 155 (13.9%) | 132 (13.9%) | 23 (13.9%) | |
| Blood transfusion | 0.970 | |||
| No | 826 (74.2%) | 703 (74.2%) | 123 (74.1%) | |
| Yes | 287 (25.8%) | 244 (25.8%) | 43 (25.9%) | |
| Diabetes | 0.512 | |||
| No | 886 (79.6%) | 757 (79.9%) | 129 (77.7%) | |
| Yes | 227 (20.4%) | 190 (20.1%) | 37 (22.3%) | |
| Hypertension | 0.607 | |||
| No | 536 (48.2%) | 453 (47.8%) | 83 (50.0%) | |
| Yes | 577 (51.8%) | 494 (52.2%) | 83 (50.0%) | |
| Myocardial infarction | 0.518 | |||
| No | 1062 (95.4%) | 902 (95.2%) | 160 (96.4%) | |
| Yes | 51 (4.6%) | 45 (4.8%) | 6 (3.6%) | |
| Heart failure | 0.721 | |||
| No | 1060 (95.2%) | 901 (95.1%) | 159 (95.8%) | |
| Yes | 53 (4.8%) | 46 (4.9%) | 7 (4.2%) | |
| Arrhythmia | 0.913 | |||
| No | 1048 (94.2%) | 892 (94.2%) | 156 (94.0%) | |
| Yes | 65 (5.8%) | 55 (5.8%) | 10 (6.0%) | |
| COPD | 0.002 | |||
| No | 999 (89.8%) | 861 (90.9%) | 138 (83.1%) | |
| Yes | 114 (10.2%) | 86 (9.1%) | 28 (16.9%) | |
| Asthma | 0.520 | |||
| No | 1101 (98.9%) | 936 (98.8%) | 165 (99.4%) | |
| Yes | 12 (1.1%) | 936 (98.8%) | 165 (99.4%) | |
| Malignancy | 0.488 | |||
| No | 1070 (96.1%) | 912 (96.3%) | 158 (95.2%) | |
| Yes | 43 (3.9%) | 35 (3.7%) | 8 (4.8%) | |
| ICU admission | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1025 (92.1%) | 897 (94.7%) | 128 (77.1%) | |
| Yes | 88 (7.9%) | 50 (5.3%) | 38 (22.9%) | |
| In-hospital mortality | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1080 (97.0%) | 931 (98.3%) | 149 (89.8%) | |
| Yes | 33 (3.0%) | 16 (1.7%) | 17 (10.2%) |
Notes: Data are presented as the mean and the standard deviation with the range in parenthesis or expressed as the number with the percentage in parenthesis. *P-value, differences between patients with pneumonia and control.
Abbreviations: ASA score, American Society of Anesthesiologists score; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit.