Table 1.
Demographics.
| Characteristics | CCHD patients (n = 45) | Controls (n = 45) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | |||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 50.0 [47–55] | 52.0 [44–57] | 0.8 |
| Gender (female), n (%) | 24 (53) | 24 (53) | 1.0 |
| Systolic blood pressure, average 24 h (mmHg), mean (±SD) | 114 (±13) | 120 (±17) | 0.08 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, average 24 h (mmHg), mean (±SD) | 69 (±9) | 75 (±11) | 0.01 |
| Heart rate (bpm), mean (±SD) | 76 (±15) | 63 (±11) | <0.0001 |
| Oxygen saturation at rest, (%), median (IQR) | 84 (81–88) | 98.5 (98–99) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (±SD) | 23.6 (±4.3) | 24.6 (±3.8) | 0.3 |
| Congenital heart disease diagnoses | |||
| Ventricular septal defect, n (%) | 24 (53) | 0 | |
| Atrial septal defect, n (%) | 6 (13) | 0 | |
| Atrioventricular septal defect, n (%) | 3 (7) | 0 | |
| Persistent ductus arteriosus n, (%) | 1 (2) | 0 | |
| Tetralogy of Fallot, n (%) | 3 (7) | 0 | |
| Univentricular heart, n (%) | 3 (7) | 0 | |
| Double Outlet Right Ventricle, n (%) | 2 (5) | 0 | |
| Ebstein anomaly with atrial septal defect, n (%) | 1 (2) | 0 | |
| Hemitruncus arteriosus, n (%) | 1 (2) | 0 | |
| Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation, n (%) | 1 (2) | 0 | |
| Additional diagnoses | |||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 2 (4) | 0 | 0.5 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 9 (20) | 0 | 0.003 |
| Transient ischemic attacks, n (%) | 2 (4) | 0 | 0.5 |
| Family history of CVD, n (%) | 30 (67) | 33 (73) | 0.6 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 4 (9) | 3 (7) | 0.7 |
| Pack years, median [IQR] | 22 [10–39] | 30 [4–35] | 0.9 |
| Medications | |||
| Statins, n (%) | 2 (4.4) | 1 (2.2) | 0.57 |
| Advanced therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension, n (%) | 35 (78) | 0 (0) | <0.0001 |
| Endothelin receptor antagonist, n (%) | 33 (73) | 0 (0) | <0.0001 |
| Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, n (%) | 18 (40) | 0 (0) | <0.0001 |
| Framingham 10-year CVD risk score | 0.6 | ||
| Low (<10%), n (%) | 29 (78) | 39 (87) | |
| Moderate (10–19%), n (%) | 6 (16) | 5 (11) | |
| High (≥20%), n (%) | 2 (6) | 1 (2) | |
| Carotid artery | |||
| Presence of carotid plaque, n (%) | 11 (24) | 7 (16) | 0.27 |
| cPT-max (mm), median [IQR] | 2.2 [1.2–2.9] | 2.8 [1.8–6.7] | 0.16 |
| CIMT (mm), mean (±SD) | 0.61 (±0.13) | 0.64 (±0.13) | 0.29 |
CCHD = Cyanotic congenital heart disease, bpm = beats per minutes, CVD = cardiovascular disease, CIMT = carotid intima media thickness, cPT-max = maximum plaque thickness.