Fig. 3.

Exposure markers in aerosol and smoke. A, B. Levels of total nicotine metabolites in urine. C, D. 3-HPMA concentrations in urine. E, F. CEMA concentrations in urine. Data are mean ± SEM. *p value vs. sham < 0.05; #p value vs. 3R4F < 0.05. ApoE^−/− mouse study #1 refers to [61], and ApoE^−/− mouse study #2 refers to [64]. OECD rat THS 2.2 study refers to [84] and OECD rat CHTP 1.2 study refers to [6]. Groups and group vs. sham comparisons are labeled as Exposure–Sex (F, female; M, male)–Time. 3-HPMA, 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid; CEMA, 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid; SEM, standard error of the mean; THS, Tobacco Heating System; CHTP, Carbon Heated Tobacco Product; OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.