Fig. 5.

Effects on rodent nasal epithelia. A, B. Histological evaluation at nose level 1: squamous epithelial metaplasia. C, D. Histological evaluation at nose level 1: basal cell hyperplasia. Data are mean severity scores ± SEM. *p value vs. sham < 0.05; #p value vs. 3R4F < 0.05. E, F. Evaluation of biological impact on nose tissue by using the causal network enrichment approach based on transcriptomics data. Relative biological impact factors are represented for each group vs. sham. SEM, standard error of the mean; THS, Tobacco Heating System; CHTP, Carbon Heated Tobacco Product; OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline.