Table 5.

Prevalence and distribution of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Entamoeba in fresh produce among various African countries.

Parasite	Sample type	Country reported	Prevalence range	References
Cryptosporidium	Vegetables	Egypt	29%	El Said Said, 2012
		Ethiopiaa	5–13%	Tefera et al., 2014; Bekele et al., 2017
		Ghanab	30%	Ayeh-Kumi et al., 2014
		Ghana	11–75%	Duedu et al., 2014; Petersen et al., 2014; Sampson, 2015; Kudah et al., 2018
		Libya	81%	Saaed and Ongerth, 2019
		Nigeria	0.8–35%	Maikai et al., 2013; Hassan et al., 2013; Tchounga et al., 2017
Giardia	Vegetables	Egypt	6–8%	El Said Said, 2012; Hassan et al. (2012b)
		Ethiopiaa	8–28%	Tefera et al., 2014; Bekele et al., 2017; Chilo et al., 2018
		Ghana	13%	Duedu et al., 2014
		Libya	46–84%	Abougrain et al., 2010; Saaed and Ongerth, 2019
		Nigeria	2–99%	Amaechi et al., 2016; Tchounga et al., 2017; Chijioke et al., 2018
	Vegetables	Sudan	3%	Mohamed et al., 2016
Cyclospora cayetanensis	Vegetables	Egypt	21%	El Said Said, 2012
		Ethiopiaa	5–7%	Tefera et al., 2014; Bekele et al., 2017
		Ghana	23%	Ayeh-Kumi et al., 2014
		Ghana	12%	Duedu et al., 2014
Entamoeba histolytica	Vegetables	Burkina Faso	20%	Kpoda et al., 2015
		Egypt	7%	Hassan et al. (2012b)
		Ethiopiaa	5–24%	Tefera et al., 2014; Bekele et al., 2017; Chilo et al., 2018
		Ghana	26%	Duedu et al., 2014
		Nigeria	6–99%	Hassan et al., 2013; Amaechi et al., 2016; Tchounga et al., 2017; Chijioke et al., 2018
		Sudan	6%	Mohamed et al., 2016

^aVegetables and fruits.

^bTiger nuts.