Table 7.
Prevalence and distribution of helminth parasites reported in water, sewage/effluents & fresh produce in African countries.
| Helminths | Sample type | Country reported | Prevalence range | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascaris lumbricoides | Surface water | Burkina Faso | 8% | Kpoda et al., 2015 |
| Tap (sachet) | Ghana | 10% | Ndur et al., 2015 | |
| Sprinkling water | Sudan | 29% | Mohamed et al., 2016 | |
| Tap, stored | Zimbabwe | 22% | Dalu et al., 2011 | |
| Wastewater | Algeria | 100% | Hamaidi-Chergui et al., 2019 | |
| Tunisia | 71% | Khouja et al., 2010 | ||
| Sewage | Tunisia | 100% | Ben Ayed et al., 2009 | |
| Vegetables | Egypt | 20% | El Said Said, 2012 | |
| Vegetables/fruits | Ethiopia | 7–32% | Tefera et al., 2014; Bekele et al., 2017; Chilo et al., 2018 | |
| Vegetables | Libya | 68% | Abougrain et al., 2010 | |
| Nigeria | 19–100% | Hassan et al., 2013; Amaechi et al., 2016; Tchounga et al., 2017; Chijioke et al., 2018 | ||
| Sudan | 3% | Mohamed et al., 2016 | ||
| Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) | Surface water | Burkina Faso | 31% | Kpoda et al., 2015 |
| Sprinkling water | Sudan | 6% | Mohamed et al., 2016 | |
| Tap, stored | Zimbabwe | 44% | Dalu et al., 2011 | |
| Vegetables | Burkina Faso | 20% | Kpoda et al., 2015 | |
| Tiger nuts | Ghana | 25% | Ayeh-Kumi et al., 2014 | |
| Vegetables | Ghana | 13% | Duedu et al., 2014 | |
| Sudan | 6% | Mohamed et al., 2016 | ||
| Nigeria | 12% | Tchounga et al., 2017 | ||
| Strongyloides stercolaris | Surface water | Burkina Faso | 3% | Kpoda et al., 2015 |
| Nigeria | 7% | Bishop and Inabo, 2015 | ||
| Tap (sachet) | Ghana | 5% | Ndur et al., 2015 | |
| Sprinkling water | Sudan | 43% | Mohamed et al., 2016 | |
| Tap, stored | Zimbabwe | 11% | Dalu et al., 2011 | |
| Vegetables/fruits | Ethiopia | 22% | Tefera et al., 2014 | |
| Tiger nuts | Ghana | 22% | Ayeh-Kumi et al., 2014 | |
| Vegetables | Ghana | 36–43% | Duedu et al., 2014; Kudah et al., 2018 | |
| Nigeria | 2–20%% | Hassan et al., 2013; Amaechi et al., 2016; Tchounga et al., 2017 | ||
| Sudan | 9% | Mohamed et al., 2016 | ||
| Enterobius vermicularis | Surface | Nigeria | 3% | Bishop and Inabo, 2015 |
| Wastewater &sludge | Tunisia | 37% | Khouja et al., 2010 | |
| Sewage | Tunisia | 100% | Ben Ayed et al., 2009 | |
| Vegetables | Ghana | 1% | Duedu et al., 2014 | |
| Nigeria | 12–89% | Amaechi et al., 2016; Chijioke et al., 2018 | ||
| Trichuris trichiura | Wastewater | Algeria | 100% | Hamaidi-Chergui et al., 2019 |
| Vegetables | Ghana | 2% | Duedu et al., 2014 | |
| Nigeria | 6–89% | Hassan et al., 2013; Amaechi et al., 2016; Chijioke et al., 2018 | ||
| Sudan | 3% | Mohamed et al., 2016 | ||
| Schistosoma spp. | Tap, stored | Zimbabwe | 22% | Dalu et al., 2011 |
| Vegetables | Nigeria | 44% | Chijioke et al., 2018 | |
| Taenia spp. | Wastewater | Algeria | 100% | Hamaidi-Chergui et al., 2019 |
| Wastewater & sludge | Tunisia | 14% | Khouja et al., 2010 | |
| Sewage | Tunisia | 47% | Ben Ayed et al., 2009 | |
| Vegetables | Libya | 22% | Abougrain et al., 2010 | |
| Nigeria | 2–67% | Hassan et al., 2013; Chijioke et al., 2018 | ||
| Toxocara spp. | Wastewater | Algeria | 100% | Hamaidi-Chergui et al., 2019 |
| Vegetables/fruits | Ethiopia | 15–16% | Tefera et al., 2014; Bekele et al., 2017 | |
| Vegetables | Libya | 16–26 | Abougrain et al., 2010 | |
| Hymenolepis nana | Wastewater | Algeria | 100% | Hamaidi-Chergui et al., 2019 |
| Wastewater & sludge | Tunisia | 14% | Khouja et al., 2010 | |
| Sewage | Tunisia | 18% | Ben Ayed et al., 2009 | |
| Vegetables | Egypt | 3% | El Said Said, 2012 | |
| Vegetables/fruits | Ethiopia | 8–16% | Tefera et al., 2014; Bekele et al., 2017; Chilo et al., 2018 | |
| Hymenolepis diminuta | Wastewater | Algeria | 100% | Hamaidi-Chergui et al., 2019 |
| Vegetables/fruits | Ethiopia | 1–8% | Tefera et al., 2014; Bekele et al., 2017 | |
| Fasciola spp. | Vegetables | Ghana | 0.2–7% | Duedu et al., 2014; Kudah et al., 2018 |
| Nigeria | 8–78% | Amaechi et al., 2016; Tchounga et al., 2017; Chijioke et al., 2018 |