TABLE 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Author, year, country	Study design	Maternal characteristics				Offspring's characteristics
		Age a (year)	Sample size	ppBMI assessment	GWG assessment	Age a (year)	Male (%)
Brandt et al., 2014, Germany	Prospective	32.7 (32.4–33.0)	249	Records	Total GWG: Records	8	49.3
Dello Russo et al., 2013, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Cyprus, Spain, Estonia, Sweden, Belgium	Retrospective	28.4 (28.2–28.6)	2,180		Total GWG: Self‐reported	2–9	52.8
Derraik et al., 2015, New Zealand	Retrospective	17–42	70	Self‐reported weight		4–11	61
Gaillard et al., 2014, The Netherlands	Prospective	30.3 ± 5.1	3,877 (GWG in unadjusted model: 2640)	Self‐reported/measured weight	Maximum GWG: Self‐reported/measured	5.6–8	49.9
Gaillard et al., 2016, Australia	Prospective	29 ± 5.8	1,392	Self‐reported weight	Total GWG: Measured	16.7–17.7	50.7
Hochner et al., 2012, Israel	Prospective	28.4 ± 5.5	1,134	Self‐reported weight	Maximum GWG: Records	32 ± 0	49.5
Hrolfsdottir et al., 2015, Denmark	Prospective	29.0 ± 4.9	308		Maximum GWG: Records	22.3 ± 3.0	39.3
Jeffery et al., 2006, United Kingdom	Prospective	34	230	Self‐reported weight		8 ± 0	53.3
Maftei et al., 2015, Australia	Prospective	30.3 ± 5.1	163	Self‐reported weight	Total GWG: Records	9–10	45
Mingrone et al., 2008, Italy	Retrospective	21–29	52	Self‐reported weight		23.8 ± 4.5	40
Oostvogels et al., 2014, The Netherlands	Prospective	31.1 ± 4.7	1,459	Self‐reported weight		5–6	53
Perng et al., 2014, USA	Prospective	15–44	677 (adjusted model) 592 (unadjusted model)	Self‐reported weight	Total GWG: Records	7.7 (6.6–10.9)	49.7
Sauder et al., 2017, USA	Prospective	30.0 ± 5.4	236	Records		16.6 ± 1.2	51
Tam et al., 2018, China	Prospective	31.3 ± 4.6	371		Total GWG: Records	7 ± 0	52
Winham et al., 2006, USA	Retrospective	21.8 ± 1.7	8		Total GWG: Records	0.5 ± 0	56

Abbreviations: GWG, gestational weight gain; ppBMI, prepregnancy BMI.

^aAge is expressed in mean ± standard deviation or range or median (interquartile range).