Table 1.

Results from multivariable Poisson regression model^a of the associations between veterinarians’ (n = 36) skills in motivational interviewing (MI) and rate of client Change Talk in 170 veterinary herd health management (VHHM) consultations on Swedish cattle farms

				Multiplicative effect
Level of observation	Parameter	Level	Number	Estimate; 95% CIb	P	Overall P c
Veterinarian	MI skills	Poor_untrained	18	Ref		0.06
		Poor_trained	6	0.99; 0.70 to 1.40	0.97
		Near moderate	6	1.07; 0.77 to 1.50	0.68
		Moderate	6	1.55; 1.12 to 2.10	<0.01
	Gender	Male	2	Ref
		Female	32	0.91; 0.61 to 1.40	0.67
	VHHM experience	⩽5 years	22	Ref
		>5 years	14	1.08; 0.85 to 1.40	0.53
	Vet type	Animal health vet	13	Ref
		General practitioner	23	0.89; 0.69 to 1.10	0.35
	Gender concordance	No	124	Ref
		Yes	46	1.20; 0.98 to 1.50	0.08
Consultancy	Sufficient time	No	34	Ref
		Yes	136	1.04; 0.83 to 1.30	0.73
	Number of clients	One	150	Ref
		Multiple	20	0.99; 0.72 to 1.30	0.94
	Visit type	Strategic	38	Ref		0.06
		Herd health problem	30	0.69; 0.50 to 0.95	0.02
		Other	102	0.81; 0.63 to 1.00	0.07
Client	Age	Continuous (decades)		1.01; 0.93 to 1.10	0.79
	Education	Lower	104	Ref
		Higher	66	0.96; 0.79 to 1.20	0.64
	Role	Owner	133	Ref
		Employee	37	1.00; 0.78 to 1.30	0.99
	Satisfied	No	2	Ref
	with consultancy	Yes	168	1.73; 0.65 to 4.60	0.27

^a SD of random intercept of veterinarian: 0.21 (standard error (SE): 0.079) and client (farm): 0.38 (SE: 0.052).

^b 95% confidence interval.

^c Overall P-value for chi-square test for variables with more than two categories.