Table 8.

mRNA levels of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the liver and muscles of fish fed with high-protein/low-carbohydrate (HP/LC) and low-protein/high-carbohydrate (LP/HC) diets before (36 wps) and after (41 wps) challenging them with the medium-carbohydrate diet (CHO-M) and the high-carbohydrate diet (CHO-H) for 4 weeks (mean ± sd, n 6)

Parameter tissue	History (before challenge)			HP/LC history		LP/HC history		P value1
	HP/LC	LP/HC	P value	CHO-M	CHO-H	CHO-M	CHO-H	History	Diet	Interactions
Liver glycolysis
gck	0⋅5 ± 0⋅2	1⋅5 ± 0⋅8	0⋅027	0⋅9 ± 0⋅6	0⋅8 ± 0⋅3	0⋅7 ± 0⋅4	0⋅6 ± 0⋅2	0⋅259	0⋅569	0⋅947
pfklr	1⋅2 ± 0⋅6	1⋅2 ± 0⋅9	0⋅888	0⋅7 ± 0⋅2a	0⋅4 ± 0⋅2b	0⋅3 ± 0⋅1b	0⋅3 ± 0⋅1b	0⋅009	0⋅057	0⋅046
pklr	1⋅0 ± 0⋅3	1⋅5 ± 0⋅7	0⋅088	1⋅0 ± 0⋅6	0⋅8 ± 0⋅5	1⋅0 ± 0⋅6	0⋅6 ± 0⋅2	0⋅418	0⋅122	0⋅503
Liver gluconeogenesis
g6pca1	1⋅4 ± 0⋅7	0⋅9 ± 0⋅6	0⋅226	0⋅8 ± 0⋅5	0⋅6 ± 0⋅4	0⋅6 ± 0⋅4	0⋅4 ± 0⋅2	0⋅176	0⋅176	0⋅937
g6pca2	1⋅3 ± 1⋅0	0⋅6 ± 0⋅5	0⋅164	0⋅5 ± 0⋅3	0⋅4 ± 0⋅4	0⋅5 ± 0⋅3	0⋅2 ± 0⋅1	0⋅297	0⋅100	0⋅332
pck1	0⋅7 ± 0⋅4	0⋅6 ± 0⋅3	0⋅617	0⋅08 ± 0⋅07	0⋅78 ± 0⋅90	0⋅03 ± 0⋅06	0⋅07 ± 0⋅14	0⋅055	0⋅064	0⋅093
pck2	0⋅9 ± 0⋅5	0⋅4 ± 0⋅4	0⋅078	1⋅1 ± 0⋅7	0⋅5 ± 0⋅4	0⋅9 ± 0⋅6	0⋅6 ± 0⋅4	0⋅794	0⋅054	0⋅584
Liver lipogenesis
fasn	0⋅7 ± 0⋅4	1⋅2 ± 0⋅6	0⋅158	0⋅5 ± 0⋅3	0⋅9 ± 0⋅8	0⋅4 ± 0⋅2	0⋅9 ± 0⋅3	0⋅979	0⋅018	0⋅636
g6pd	1⋅0 ± 0⋅3	1⋅6 ± 0⋅6	0⋅056	0⋅5 ± 0⋅3	0⋅8 ± 0⋅3	0⋅3 ± 0⋅2	1⋅0 ± 0⋅4	0⋅768	0⋅001	0⋅180
Liver amino acid catabolism
asat	1⋅3 ± 0⋅5	0⋅5 ± 0⋅3	0⋅049	0⋅6 ± 0⋅3	0⋅8 ± 0⋅4	0⋅5 ± 0⋅2	0⋅4 ± 0⋅3	0⋅046	0⋅727	0⋅311
alat	1⋅3 ± 0⋅4	0⋅8 ± 0⋅4	0⋅048	1⋅4 ± 0⋅4	0⋅7 ± 0⋅4	0⋅7 ± 0⋅3	0⋅5 ± 0⋅3	0⋅005	0⋅007	0⋅137
gdh	0⋅9 ± 0⋅3	1⋅4 ± 0⋅5	0⋅053	1⋅1 ± 0⋅3	0⋅8 ± 0⋅5	0⋅8 ± 0⋅3	0⋅6 ± 0⋅3	0⋅158	0⋅096	0⋅684
Glucose transport and Muscle metabolism
glut4	0⋅7 ± 0⋅2	1⋅1 ± 0⋅5	0⋅152	0⋅8 ± 0⋅2ab	0⋅6 ± 0⋅3b	0⋅7 ± 0⋅4ab	1⋅4 ± 0⋅8a	0⋅060	0⋅157	0⋅030
hk1	0⋅9 ± 0⋅2	1⋅5 ± 0⋅4	0⋅009	0⋅9 ± 0⋅3	1⋅0 ± 0⋅5	0⋅8 ± 0⋅3	1⋅4 ± 0⋅7	0⋅605	0⋅092	0⋅207
hk2	1⋅0 ± 0⋅4	1⋅2 ± 0⋅2	0⋅250	1⋅2 ± 0⋅4	0⋅9 ± 0⋅2	0⋅6 ± 0⋅5	1⋅2 ± 0⋅6	0⋅411	0⋅388	0⋅040
pfkma	0⋅7 ± 0⋅3	0⋅9 ± 0⋅4	0⋅369	1⋅0 ± 0⋅2	0⋅6 ± 0⋅2	0⋅6 ± 0⋅4	1⋅0 ± 0⋅5	0⋅865	0⋅873	0⋅019
pfkmb	1⋅2 ± 0⋅4	0⋅8 ± 0⋅1	0⋅044	1⋅2 ± 0⋅4	1⋅2 ± 0⋅5	0⋅5 ± 0⋅1	0⋅5 ± 0⋅2	<0⋅001	0⋅909	0⋅957
pkma	0⋅5 ± 0⋅2	0⋅7 ± 0⋅2	0⋅030	1⋅2 ± 0⋅3	1⋅0 ± 0⋅5	0⋅7 ± 0⋅2	1⋅1 ± 0⋅3	0⋅179	0⋅357	0⋅035

¹Two-way ANOVA was used to analyse the effects of dietary stimulus (history), challenging diet (diet) and their interaction (history × diet). One-way ANOVA following Tukey's range test was used to rank the treatment combination groups when the interaction of the factors was statistically significant. Different letters indicate significant differences in the mean values for four combination groups (P < 0⋅05).