Table 3.
Comparison of the Relationship Between Biological and Sociodemographic Characteristics and Total Cognitive Function Scores Between LASI-DAD (N = 1,865) and HRS-HCAP (N = 2,111)
| Variable | LASI-DAD |
HRS-HCAP |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (biomarkers) | Model 2 (biomarkers + age + sex) | Model 3 (biomarkers + age + sex + education, wealth) | Model 1 (biomarkers) | Model 2 (biomarkers + age + sex) | Model 3 (biomarkers + age + sex + education, wealth) | |||||||
| Coefficient (SE) | P value | Coefficient (SE) | P value | Coefficient (SE) | P value | Coefficient (SE) | P value | Coefficient (SE) | P value | Coefficient (SE) | P value | |
| Cardiovascular characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg) | −0.1 (1.0) | .905 | 0.1 (1.0) | .926 | 0.2 (0.9) | .842 | −4.7 (1.0) | <.0001 | −3.5 (1.0) | .0005 | −2.1 (0.9) | .0201 |
| Pulse | −0.2 (0.0) | <.001 | −0.2 (0.0) | <.001 | −0.1 (0.0) | .007 | −0.0 (0.0) | .4446 | −0.1 (0.0) | .1521 | −0.0 (0.0) | .8939 |
| Homocysteine | −0.1 (0.0) | .048 | −0.1 (0.0) | .012 | −0.1 (0.0) | .019 | −0.6 (0.1) | <.0001 | −0.5 (0.1) | <.0001 | −0.3 (0.1) | .0012 |
| ProBNP (log) | −3.3 (0.5) | <.001 | −1.9 (0.5) | <.001 | −1.4 (0.4) | .002 | −2.8 (0.4) | <.0001 | −1.6 (0.4) | <.0001 | −1.4 (0.4) | .0001 |
| Metabolic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Body mass index (reference: 18.5–24.9), kg/m2 | ||||||||||||
| <18.5 | −9.3 (1.4) | <.001 | −9.5 (1.4) | <.001 | −6.7 (1.2) | <.001 | −8.0 (5.6) | .1525 | −8.7 (5.4) | .1059 | −7.0 (4.9) | .1477 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 5.6 (1.3) | <.001 | 6.1 (1.3) | <.001 | 2.9 (1.2) | .013 | −0.3 (1.3) | .8061 | −0.4 (1.3) | .7297 | −0.1 (1.1) | .9498 |
| ≥30.0 | 8.4 (2.0) | <.001 | 9.1 (1.9) | <.001 | 4.9 (1.7) | .004 | 4.0 (1.4) | .0031 | 2.8 (1.3) | .0326 | 2.8 (1.2) | .0198 |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin | 1.5 (0.3) | <.001 | 1.3 (0.3) | <.001 | 0.6 (0.3) | .033 | −2.4 (0.5) | <.0001 | −2.4 (0.5) | <.0001 | −1.0 (0.5) | .0318 |
| HDL cholesterol | −0.1 (0.1) | .068 | −0.1 (0.1) | .282 | −0.1 (0.0) | .139 | 0.1 (0.0) | .0233 | 0.0 (0.0) | .4689 | −0.0 (0.0) | .0649 |
| Lipoprotein (a) | −0.0 (0.0) | .669 | −0.0 (0.0) | .707 | 0.0 (0.0) | .842 | ||||||
| Inflammation characteristics | ||||||||||||
| C-reactive protein (log) | −0.4 (0.4) | .336 | −0.4 (0.4) | .379 | 0.0 (0.4) | .921 | 0.8 (0.5) | .1059 | 0.4 (0.5) | .4562 | 0.4 (0.4) | .3657 |
| White blood cell count (log) | −0.9 (1.8) | .628 | −1.0 (1.8) | .563 | −0.1 (1.6) | .977 | 0.4 (1.7) | .8285 | 0.5 (1.6) | .7512 | 0.9 (1.5) | .5584 |
| Albumin | 9.6 (1.7) | <.001 | 7.4 (1.7) | <.001 | 4.4 (1.5) | .003 | 5.7 (1.6) | .0004 | 4.9 (1.6) | .0020 | 2.9 (1.4) | .0429 |
| Uric acid | 2.1 (0.4) | <.001 | 1.6 (0.4) | <.001 | 0.8 (0.4) | .028 | ||||||
| Age (reference: 65–69), y | ||||||||||||
| 60–64 | 3.3 (1.3) | .011 | 2.3 (1.1) | .041 | ||||||||
| 70–74 | −4.4 (1.4) | .002 | −4.6 (1.3) | <.001 | −3.3 (1.3) | .0109 | −3.2 (1.2) | .0060 | ||||
| ≥75 | −10.4 (1.4) | <.001 | −11.4 (1.3) | <.001 | −11.7 (1.1) | <.0001 | −11.2 (1.0) | <.0001 | ||||
| Sex (reference: male) | ||||||||||||
| Female | −6.4 (1.1) | <.001 | 0.1 (1.0) | .926 | 3.9 (1.0) | <.0001 | 6.5 (0.9) | <.0001 | ||||
| Education (reference: 1–11 y for LASI-DAD and 0–11 y for HRS-HCAP), y | ||||||||||||
| 0 (LASI) | −19.3 (1.0) | <.001 | ||||||||||
| 12 | 4.5 (2.7) | .093 | 13.0 (1.2) | <.0001 | ||||||||
| ≥13 | 13.2 (2.0) | <.001 | 20.1 (1.2) | <.0001 | ||||||||
| Household wealth (reference: third quintile) | ||||||||||||
| First quintile | −0.4 (1.4) | .771 | −6.4 (1.3) | <.0001 | ||||||||
| Second quintile | −2.5 (1.4) | .075 | −1.5 (1.3) | .2514 | ||||||||
| Fourth quintile | 2.1 (1.3) | .108 | 1.4 (1.3) | .2804 | ||||||||
| Fifth quintile | 1.9 (1.4) | .170 | 4.5 (1.3) | .0005 | ||||||||
| R2 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.32 | ||||||
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HRS-HCAP, Health and Retirement Study–Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol; LASI-DAD, Longitudinal Aging Study in India –Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia; ProBNP, pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; SE, standard error.