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. 2020 Aug 20;21(17):5984. doi: 10.3390/ijms21175984

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Changes in levels of metabolites and cofactors in muscles of rats during prolonged fasting. Levels of ATP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (ADP), oxidized (NADP) and reduced (NADPH) forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, and the ATP/ADP and NADP/NADPH ratios in tibialis anterior (TIB), soleus (SOL), and heart muscles from fed, phase 2 (P2), and phase 3 (P3) rats are presented as the means ± SEM (N = 5/group). * p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.01, *** p-value < 0.001, **** p-value < 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests).