Table 3.
Depression.
| Study | Region(s) Study Design Quality Score (++,+,-) |
Population | Outcome Assessment | Noise Source | Noise Measures | Noise Categories | Effect Estimates; Meta-Analysis (Yes, No with Reasons) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baudin et al. 2018 [37] | France cross-sectional (-) |
n = 1244 (M = 549, F = 695) 18–≥75 Years |
GHQ-12 | Aircraft | LDEN Leq,24h LD, 6::00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. LN, (not specified) |
<40 50–54 55–59 ≥60 dB |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| Floud et al. 2011 [38] | UK, NL, Sweden, Italy, Germany, Greece, cross-sectional (-) |
n = 4861 (M = 2404, F = 2457) 45–70 Years |
Anti-depressive use (last 2 weeks, self-reported) |
Aircraft road |
Leq, 7:00 a.m.-11:00 p.m. or Leq, 6::00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. LN, 11:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m. or LN, 10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m. |
LAeq,16h a 35–76 dB (aircraft) a 45–76 dB (road) LN a 30–70 dB (aircraft) a 45–70 dB (road) |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| Generaal et al. 2019a [39] | NL case-control/cross-sectional (-) |
n = 2980 (M = 1007, F = 1973) 18–65 years |
Recent diagnosis (major depression and dysthymia) based on CIDI b |
Aircraft Road rail (combined) |
LDEN | - | Odds Ratio (adjusted) no, exposure sources were not considered separately |
| Generaal et al. 2019b [40] | NL pooled analysis (-) |
n = 32,487 ≥18 years 8 studies included |
CIDI, PHQ-9, HADS-D, DES-D, 4DSQ, BDI-II | Aircraft Road rail (combined) |
LDEN | - | Odds Ratio (adjusted) no, exposure sources were not considered separately |
| Greiser et al. 2010 [41] | Germany case-control (-) |
n = 511,742 with depression: n = 3136 (M = 981, F = 2155) >39 years |
Routine health insurance data c | aircraft | LN, 10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m. Leq, 6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. Leq, 11:00 p.m.-1:00 a.m. Leq, 3:00 a.m.-5:00 a.m. Leq,24h |
Leq,24h ≥35 dB otherwise ≥40 dB |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) no, main noise effects not reported without interaction terms |
| He et al. 2019 [56] | Canada cohort (-) |
F = 140,456 | Hospital records d | outdoor noise (mostly road) | Leq,24h LDEN LN, 11:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m. |
<55 dB 55.0–59.9 dB 60.0–64.9 dB ≥65 dB |
Hazard Ratio (adjusted) no, exposure sources were not considered separately |
| Halonen et al. 2013, 2014 [42,59] | Finland cross-sectional (-) |
n = 15,611 (M = 3086, F = 12,525) 21–76 years |
Anti-depressive use e | road | LDEN | ≤45 dB 45.1–50 dB 50.1–55 dB 55.1–60 dB >60 dB |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| Leijssen et al. 2019 [43] | NL cross-sectional (-) |
n = 23,293 (M = 9920, F = 13,373) 18–70 years |
PHQ-9 | road | Leq,24h | 45–54 dB 55–59 dB 60–64 dB 65–69 dB ≥70 dB |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| Klompmaker et al. 2019 [45] | NL cross-sectional (+) |
n = 354,827 (M = 161,045, F = 193,782) ≥19 years |
Prescriptions of antidepressants (ATC code e), K10 | road railway |
LDEN | - | Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| Miyakawa et al. 2007 [44] | Japan cross-sectional (-) |
n = 188 (M = 101, F = 87) |
GHQ-28 | aircraft | LDEN | 55–59 dB 59–65 dB |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) no, noise was not measured for ‘unexposed’ sample |
| Okokon et al. 2018 [46] | Finland cross-sectional (-) |
n = 5860 (M = 2497, F = 3363) 55.0 years |
Anti-depressive use (a) 1 week, (b) 1–4 weeks, (c) 1–12 months, (d) over 1 year ago |
road | LDEN | ≤45 dB, 45.1–50 dB, 50.1–55 dB, 55.1–60 dB ≥60 dB |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| Orban et al. 2016 [47] | Germany cohort (+) |
n = 3300 (M = 1715, F = 1585) 45–74 years |
CES-D Anti-depressive use (last week) |
road | LDEN LN, 10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m. |
LDEN >55 vs. ≤55 dB; ≤55 dB >55–≤60 dB >60–≤65 dB >65 dB LN >50 dB |
Relative Risks (adjusted) yes |
| Schreckenberg et al. 2009 [48] | Germany cross-sectional (-) |
n = 2311 (M = 1034, F = 1276) <18–≥80 years |
Daily use of mood-controlling, psychotropic drugs (last 12 months) |
aircraft | Leq, 6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. LN, 10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m. NAT55,6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. f NAT55, 10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m. Lmax55, (6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.) f Lmax55, (10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m.) |
40–45 dB 45–50 dB 50–55 dB 55–60 dB 60–65 dB For Leq,22-06h: reference < 40 dB |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| Seidler et al. 2017 [12] | Germany case-control (+) |
n = 1,026,670 (77,295 cases, 578,246 controls) ≥40 years |
Routine health insurance data g |
Aircraft Road railway |
Leq,24h. LN, 10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m. (further measures considered for aircraft noise) |
<40, max <50 dB <40, max ≥50 dB ≥40–<45 dB ≥50–<55 dB ≥55–<60 dB ≥60–<65 dB ≥65–<70 dB ≥70 dB; Continuous analysis h |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| Stansfeld et al. 1993, 1996 [49,50] | UK cohort (+) cross-sectional (-) |
n = 2398 (only men) 50–64 Years |
GHQ-30 | road | Leq,6:00 a.m.-10 p.m. | 51–55 dB 56–60 dB 61–65 dB 66–70 dB |
Means/ Percent (adjusted) yes (unadjusted RRs derived from distributions in 1993 paper) |
| Stansfeld et al. 2009b [51] | UK intervention field study (-) |
n = 387 households |
CIS-R GHQ-28 |
road | Leq,10:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. L10 |
- | Means/ Percent No intervention field study |
| Sygna et al. 2014 [52] | Norway cross-sectional (-) |
n = 2898 (M = 1442, F = 1456) 18–˃78 years |
HSCL-25 | road | LDEN | not reported | Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| Tzivian et al. 2018 [58] | Germany cross-sectional (analysis within cohort) (+) |
n = 2050 50–80 years |
CES-D | road | LDEN | Binomial cut-off: 60 dB (LDEN)
55 dB (LN); <45 dB ≥45–<55 dB ≥55–<65 dB ≥65–<75 dB ≥75 continuous (starting at 0 dB) |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| van Kamp et al. 2007 [54] | NL longitudinal/ cross-sectional and panel study (+) |
n = 6091 n = 2700 (longitudinal) ≥18 years |
GHQ-12 | aircraft | LDEN LN,10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m. |
- | Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
| Zock et al. 2018 [55] | NL cross-sectional (analysis within cohort) (+) |
n = 4450 0–≥65 years |
Primary care data i | road railway |
LDEN | - | Odds Ratio (adjusted) yes |
4DSQ four-Dimensional Symptom-Questionnaire; BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory-II; CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CIDI semi-structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CIS-R Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised; HADS-D Anxiety and Depression Scale; HSCL Hopkins Symptom Checklist; GHQ General Health Questionnaire; UK United Kingdom; NL Netherlands, NAT number above threshold; PHQ-9 nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; K10 Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; F female; M male. (a) noise levels started at this level, and all noise levels below this range were set to this level; (b) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) using DSM-IV criteria; (c) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems version 9 ICD-9: 311 and ICD-10: F33, F34 diagnoses; (d) ICD-9 296.2, 296.3, 300.4, 309.28, 311; ICD-10 F32–F34.1, F41.2; (e) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification code: N06A prescription from National Prescription Register; (f) NAT55 = the number above threshold 55 dB, Lmax55 = average maximum sound level above threshold 55 dB; (g) ICD-10: F32.–, F34.1, F33.–, F41.2; (h) Continuous analysis considered noise levels starting at 35 dB (noise below 40 dB set to 35 dB).; (i) International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) code: P03, P76 from Nivel primary care database.