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. 2020 Aug 25;17(17):6175. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176175

Table 4.

Anxiety.

Study
Region(s)
Study Design
Quality Score (++,+,-)
Population Outcome Assessment Noise Source Noise Measures Noise Categories Effect Estimates;
Meta-Analysis (Yes, No with Reasons)
Bocquier et al. 2014 [61] France,
Retrospective cohort
(-)
n = 190,617 (M = 87,975, F = 102,642)
18–64 years
Prescriptions of anxiolytics, benzodiazepin-derivates and analogues (ATC code) a road LN, 10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m. <45 dB
≥45–<50 dB
≥50–<55 dB
≥55 dB
Odds Ratio
(adjusted)
yes
Floud et al. 2011 [38] UK, NL, Sweden, Italy, Germany, Greece,
cross-sectional
(-)
n = 4861
(M = 2404, F = 2457)
45–70 Years
Use of anxiolytics
(last 2 weeks, self-reported)
aircraft
road
Leq, 7:00 a.m.-11:00 p.m.
or Leq, 6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Leq, 11:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.
or LN, 10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m.
LAeq,16h
b 35–76 dB (aircraft)
b 45–76 dB (road)
LN
b 30–70 dB (aircraft)
b 45–70 dB (road)
Odds Ratio
(adjusted)
yes
Generaal et al. 2019a [39] NL
case-control
(-)
n = 2980
(M = 1007, F = 1973)
18–65 years
Recent diagnosis (anxiety disorder
based on CIDI c)
Aircraft
Road
rail
(combined)
LDEN - Odds Ratio
(adjusted)
no, exposure sources were not considered separately
Greiser et al. 2010 [41] Germany
case-control
(-)
n = 511,742
with
anxiety disorder:
n = 2344
(M = 709, F = 1635)
>39 years
Routine health insurance data d aircraft LN, 10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m. Leq, 6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Leq, 11:00 p.m.-1:00 a.m.
Leq, 3:00 a.m.-5:00 a.m.
Leq,24h
Leq,24h
≥35 dB
otherwise
≥40 dB
Odds Ratio
(adjusted)
no, main noise effects not reported without interaction terms
Halonen et al. 2013 [59] Finland
cross-sectional
(-)
n = 15,611
(M = 3086,
F = 12,525)
21–76 years
Anxiolytics use (ATC code) road LDEN ≤45 dB
45.1–50 dB
50.1–55 dB
55.1–60 dB
>60 dB
Odds Ratio
(adjusted)
yes
Jonah et al. 1981 [62] Canada
cross-sectional
(-)
n = 1150 (adults)
STAI road Leq,24h 45–75 dB Correlation coefficient
no
Klompmaker et al. 2019 [45] NL
cross-sectional
(+)
n = 354,827 (M = 161,045, F = 193,782)
≥19 years
Prescriptions of anxiolytics (ATC code e) road
railway
LDEN - Odds Ratio
(adjusted)
yes
Nivision & Endersen 1993 [63] Norway, cross-sectional
(-)
n = 82 STAI road Leq,24h
Lmax
- Correlation coefficient
no
Okokon et al. 2018 Finland
cross-sectional
(-)
n = 5860
(M = 2497, F = 3363)
55.0 years
Use of anxiolytics
(a) 1 week, (b) 1–4 weeks, (c) 1–12 months, (d) over 1 year ago
road LDEN ≤45 dB,
45.1–50 dB, 50.1–55 dB,
55.1–60 dB
≥ 60 dB
Odds Ratio
(adjusted)
yes
Stansfeld et al. 1993, 1996 [49,50] UK
cohort (+)
cross-sectional (-)
n = 2398
(only men)
50–64 Years
GHQ-30 road Leq,6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. 51–55 dB
56–60 dB
61–65 dB
66–70 dB
Means/ Percent
(adjusted)
yes
(unadjusted RRs derived from distribution in 1993 paper)
Zock et al. 2018 [55] NL
cross-sectional (analysis within cohort)
(+)
n = 4450
0–≥ 65 years
Primary care data f road
railway
LDEN - Odds Ratio
(adjusted)
-yes

CIDI Semi-structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview; GHQ General Health Questionnaire; UK: United Kingdom; NL Netherlands; NAT number above threshold; (a) ATC code: N05B, N05CD, N05CF from French National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) database; (b) noise levels started at this level, and all noise levels below this range were set to this level; (c) Composite International Diagnostic Interview using DSM-IV criteria; (d) ICD-9: 300 and ICD-10: F40, F41 diagnoses; (e) ATC-code: N05B prescription during study; (f) ICPC code: P01, P74.