Table 5.
Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
| Study | Region(s) Study Design Quality Score (++,+,-) |
Population | Outcome Assessment | Noise Source | Noise Measures | Noise Categories | Effect Estimates; Meta-Analysis (Yes, No with Reasons) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andersson et al. 2018 [64] | Sweden, Cohort (+) |
n = 1721 (M = 985, F = 736) 55–85 years |
Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: Three-step procedure: general examination, examination by specialists and diagnosed by specialist a |
road | Leq,24h | <55 dB ≥55 dB |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) |
| Carey et al. 2018 [65] | UK, Cohort (+) |
n = 130,978 (M = 65 130, F = 65,848) 50–79 years |
Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: Doctor’s diagnosis (from database) |
road | LN, 11 p.m.-7:00 a.m. | Continuous analysis | Odds Ratio (adjusted) |
| Fuks et al. 2019 [67] | Germany, Cohort (+) |
n = 288 (females only) 74.2 years (±2.2) |
Cognitive function according to CERAD-Plus battery | road | LDEN LNIGHT |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) |
|
| Linares et al. 2017 [66] | Spain, longitudinal ecological time series study (–) |
n = 3,116,897 | Dementia-related emergency hospital admissions (related to organic psychoses: ICD-9 b) |
road | LN, 10:00 p.m.-8:00 a.m. Leq, 8:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. | Continuous analysis | Correlation coefficient no |
| Tzivian et al. 2016 [68] | Germany cross-sectional (analysis within cohort) (+) |
n = 2050 50–80 years |
Mild cognitive impairment, test battery with ADAS and NAI c | road | LDEN LN,10:00 p.m.-6:00 a.m. |
Dichotomized (cut point 60 dB (LDEN) and 55 dB (LN) <45 dB ≥45–<55 dB ≥55–<65 dB ≥65–<75 dB ≥75 Continuous |
Odds Ratio (adjusted) |
ADAS = Alzheimer’s disease Assessment Scale, CERAD = Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease NAI = Nuremberg Gerontopsychological Inventory, UK = United Kingdom; (a) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of ≤23 and medical records; diagnosis according to the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition) and NINCDS–ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke/Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) criteria) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and total score used; (b) ICD-9 codes: 290.0–290.2, 290.4–290.9, 294.1–294; (c) Diagnosis according to the criteria of Petersen [69]: presence of a subjective cognitive complaint, or presence of an objective cognitive impairment that did not fulfill the criteria for dementia, and activities of daily living were generally intact.