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. 2020 Aug 28;21(17):6242. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176242

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Temporal profile of immuno-cellular and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) alterations after acute ischemic stroke in the spleen, circulation, and the brain. (A) Murine S1P levels are shown in the spleen (24 h), the plasma (3, 12, and 24 h), and the brain (3 and 24 h) after MCAO. (B) Enhanced S1P plasma levels in patients with ischemic stroke. (C) Alterations in immune cell populations in the murine spleen (3 and 24 h) after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). (D) Alterations in immune cell populations in the murine blood (3 and 24 h) after MCAO. (E) CD45+ pan-immune cells are expanded in the murine brain 24 h after MCAO. The vast majority of these CD45+ cells comprised T cells. IC: ischemic core; ICtx: ischemic cortex; PIC: peri-infarct cortex. The Mann–Whitney U-test was applied to calculate statistical differences, except for the mouse plasma data (Kruskal–Wallis test) and for the human stroke samples (unpaired t test with Welch’s correction). The data are presented as median ± IQR; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.