Table 1.

Biosynthesis of Pd NPs using plant extracts.

Plant	Part Used	Conditions of the Reaction (Temperature, Contact Time)	Average Size (nm)	Shape	Biomedical Properties	Reference
Solanum nigrum	Leaf extract	Room temperature. 10 min.	21.55	Spherical and polydispersed	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli	[25]
Cissus quadrangularis	Stem extract	Room temperature. 10 min.	12–26	Spherical	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli	[63]
Aspalathus linearis	Leaf extract	Room temperature. 30 min	12.7	spherical, triangular, rectangular, cubic, and decahedron		[64]
Bauhinia variegata	Bark extract	Hot centrifugation at 6000 rpm. 10–15 min.	2–9	Irregular shape (cylindrical) and highly aggregated	Potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) Significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans Potent anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines	[65]
Camellia sinensis (Lahijan Black tea)	Leaf extract	100 °C. 1 h. Pd (II): leaf extract in ratio 10:1	7	Spherical		[66]
Camellia sinensis (White tea)	Powder	40 °C. 2 h.	6–18	Spherical	Antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity More anticancer activity against human leukemia (MOLT-4) cells compared to doxorubicin and cisplatin.	[6]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Bark extract	30 °C. 72 h. Incubated (dark) in a rotary shaker at 160 rpm. pH > 5	15–20	Crystalline		[67]
Curcuma longa	Tuber extract	30 °C. 72 h. Incubated (dark) in a rotary shaker at 160 rpm. pH > 5	10–15	Spherical		[68]
Cinnamomum camphora	Leaf broth	30 °C. 12 h. Incubated (dark) in a rotary shaker at 150 rpm	3.2–6.0	Quasi-spherical and irregular		[69]
Coffee and tea extract	Powder	Room temperature.	5–100	Spherical		[70]
Dioscorea bulbifera	Tuber extract	100 °C. 5 h	10–25	Spherical and blunt-ended cubes	Anticancer activity against human cervical (HeLa) cancer cells Antioxidant	[71]
Euphorbia granulate	Leaf extract	80 °C. 5 min.	25–30			[72]
Evolvulus alsinoides	Leaf extract	60 °C. 6 h.	5	Spherical	Anticancer activity against human ovarian cancer A2780 cells	[73]
Filicium decipiens	Leaf extract	Room temperature. 4 d.	6.36	Spherical	Significant bactericidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) than Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis)	[74]
Melia azedarach	Leaf extract	100 °C. 20 min.	10–20	Spherical	Antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains Larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti	[75]
Moringa oleifera	Flower extract	25 °C. 1 h.	10–50	Spherical	Cytotoxic activity against human lung carcinoma cells (A549) and peripheral lymphocytes normal cells Antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis	[76]
Moringa oleifera	Peel extract	Microwave irradiation: 300 W. 300 °C. 5 min.	27 ± 2	Spherical	More antibacterial activity against S. aureus than E. coli Nontoxic to red blood cells (RBCs)	[77]
Prunus × yedoensis	Leaves extract	80 °C. 30 min. pH 7. Pd (II): leaf extract in ratio 40:5	50–150	Spherical	Significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[78]
Rosa canina	Fruit extract	100 °C. 2 h	10 ± 3	Spherical		[79]
Santalum album	Leaf extract	Room temperature. 4 d. Pd (II): leaf extract in ratio 9:1	10–40	Spherical	More bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.	[80]
Sapium sebiferum	Leaf extract	100 °C. Magnetic stirring in the dark	2–5	Spherical	Enhanced bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[81]
Glycine max (Soya bean)	Leaf extract	2 d. Pd (II): leaf extract in ratio 20:1	∼15	Spherical		[82]
Rosmarinus officinalis	Leaf extract	Room temperature. 24 h	15–90	Semi-spherical and polyhedral	Acceptable antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, S. epidermidis, and M. luteus Antifungal activity against C. parapsilosis, C.albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei	[83]