Table 4.

Bioactivities evaluated with different extracts of C. ferrea.

Parts Used/Solvents	Target or Model	Bioactivities Evaluated	Formulations/Dosage	Control (s)	Results	Citations
Full pod/Methanol	Parvimonas micra and Porphyromonas gingivalis	Antibacterial and anti-halitosis	In vitro 50–400 μg/mL for 72 h	Positive: chlorhexidine Negative: liquid medium	MIC: 50 and 120 µg/mL, respectively MBC: >50 and 130 µg/mL, respectively	[14]
Leafs/ Cyclohexane	Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus	Antibacterial	In vitro 0.04–25 mg/mL for 24 h	Positive: ampicillin Negative: DMSO 10%	MIC: 0.039, 0.039, 0.039, 0.39, 0.078 mg/mL, respectively	[8]
Leafs/Chloroform	B. subtilis, E. coli, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus	Antibacterial	In vitro 0.04–25 mg/mL for 24 h	Positive: ampicillin Negative: DMSO 10%	MIC: 1.56, 6.25, 12.5, 3.12, 0.78 mg/mL, respectively	[8]
Leafs/Ethyl acetate	B. subtilis, E. coli, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus	Antibacterial	In vitro 0.04–25 mg/mL for 24 h	Positive: ampicillin Negative: DMSO 10%	MIC: 0.78, 6.25, 12.5, 3.12, 1.56 mg/mL, respectively	[8]
Leafs/Methanol	B. subtilis, E. coli, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus	Antibacterial	In vitro 0.04–25 mg/mL for 24 h	Positive: ampicillin Negative: DMSO	MIC: 6.25, 12.5, 25, 3.12, 3.12 mg/mL, respectively	[8]
Barks/Alcohol	S. aureus ATCC 10390, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9721, and E. coli ATCC 25,922 Wistar rats	Antibacterial and healing activity	In vitro 10 mg/mL for 24 h In vivo10 mg/mL for 28 days	Negative: bacterial nanocellulose membranes with extract	MIC: 0.39, 0.79 and 0.19 mg·mL−1, respectively	[67]
Fruits/Alcohol	S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa	Antibacterial	In vitro 20 μL of the crude extracts and in dilutions 1:2, 1:4, 1:8; 1:16 for 24 h	Negative: sterile water	Inhibition halos: 18, 12, 10 and 11 mm, respectively	[68]
Leafs and Fruits/Water	Ralstonia solanacearum	Antibacterial	In vitro 0.4–4.0 mg/mL for 24 h	Negative: water	70% inhibition at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL	[69]
Pods and bark/Ethanol	S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa	Antibacterial	In vitro 512–8 μg/mL for 24 h	Positive: amikacin, gentamicin, and clindamycin	MIC: 1024 µg/mL for all strains	[70]
Barks/Alcohol	Staphylococcus spp.	Antibacterial	In vitro Crude extract, 70% and 50% for 24 h	Positive: ampicillin, cephalexin, gentamicin, oxacillin, and penicillin Negative: saline	Inhibition halos: 61.1; 27.78 and 5.56% for the crude extract and concentrations of 70 and 50%, respectively	[71]
Leafs/ Propylene Glycol	S. aureus ATCC 6538	Antibacterial	In vitro Glycolic extract in concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 10% for 24 and 48 h	Negative: liquid soap	Average inhibition halo: 0.97 cm	[51]
Pods/Ethanol	Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus casei	Antibacterial	In vitro 0.97–500 mg/mL for 24 h	Positive: chlorhexidine gluconate	MIC: 15, 14, 14, 15, 15 mg/mL, respectively, and MICA: 31.2 mg/mL for all strains	[72]
Pods/Ethanol	Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa	Antibacterial and antioxidant	In vitro 500–25 μg/mL for 24 h; 100–500 μg/mL for 30 min; 20 to 120 μg/mL for 10 min respectively	Positive: ascorbic acid and Trolox. Negative: specific medium	MIC: 125, 50, 50, 50, 125, 50 μg/mL, respectively; DPPH: EC50 4.4 μg/mL and ABTS: EC50 2.5 μg/mL	[73]
Pods/Alcohol	Helicobacter pylori Wistar rats	Antibacterial, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic and toxicity	In vitro 32–1024 μg/mL for 24 h In vivo 200 mg/kg for 14 days	Positive: amoxicillin, trolox, ranitidine, respectively. Negative: NaCl	MIC: 512 µg/mL; DPPH and ABTS: IC50 of 28.96 and 145.10 μg/mL, respectively; ED: 113 and 185.7 mg/kg; LD greater than 2000 mg/kg	[12]
Pods	Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes	Antibiofilm	In vitro 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/mL for 48 h	Negative: sterile water	Inhibited growth by 82% at a concentration of 4 mg·mL−1	[74]
Seeds/ Ethanol	Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida glabrata CCT 0728, Candida krusei CCT 1517, and Candida guilliermondii CCT 1890	Antifungal	In vitro 4.8–5000 μg/mL for 48 h	Positive: ethanol 70%; amphotericin B and nystatin. Negative: specific medium	MIC: 9.7, 19.53, 78 and 39.06 µg/mL, respectively	[11]
Seeds/Ethanol	C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. glabrata CCT 0728, C. krusei CCT 1517, and C. guilliermondii CCT 1890; L929 fibroblast cells	Antifungal and Cytotoxicity	In vitro 7.81–1.000 μg/mL for 48 h	Positive: ethanol 70%	MIC: 9.7; 19; 78 and 4.8 µg/mL, respectively; toxicity at concentrations of 1000; 500 and e 250 µg/mL	[75]
Leafs/Water	Colletotrichum sp.	Antifungal	In vitro 0.156 mg/200 mL for 24 h	Positive: captan	Up to 96% inhibition at a concentration of 0.075 mg.mL−1	[76]
Leafs/Alcohol	Colletotrichum sp.	Antifungal	In vitro 0.156 mg/200 mL for 24 h	Positive: captan	100% inhibition of symptoms in treated seeds	[77]
Stem bark/Water, Ethanol and acetone	Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 28,189 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 11481	Antifungal	In vitro 1.96–1000 mg/mL for 7 days	Positive: terbinafine Negative: DMSO	MIC: 62.5 and 31.3 μg/mL, respectively	[78]
---	Lasiodiplodia theobromae	Antifungal	In vitro 10, 20, and 30% for 5 days	Negative: sterile distilled water	Inhibited mycelial growth by 85.6% at a concentration of 30%	[79]
Leafs/Water	Wistar rats	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	In vitro 100, 200 and 300 mg for 24 h	Negative: saline 0.9% Positive: diclofenac 100 mg/kg	Effective doses: 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg;	[7]
Seeds/Water or Ethanol (20 - 80%)	Swiss mice and mouse embryonic fibroblast 3T3 cell line	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, and cytotoxicity	In vitro 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 µg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 h In vivo 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 20 and 30 min	Positive: diclofenac, cisplatin and ascorbic acid, and morphine Negative: saline	Effective doses: 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg;	[13]
Pods/Alcohol and ethyl acetate	ACP02 gastric adenocarcinoma cell line	Antioxidant and antimetastatic	In vitro 6.25 or 400 µg/mL for 20 min 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL for 24 and 48 h	Positive: doxorubicin Negative: medium RPMI	DPPH: IC50 74.36 and 116.10 μg/mL ABTS: IC50 9.76 and 29.13 μg/mL Decreased cell migration at concentrations of 50 µg/mL	[56]
Leafs/Ethanol	HaCaT and Wistar rats	Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and hypolipidemic activity	In vitro 12.45 mg/L for 90 min; extract 50% for 45 min In vivo 300 mg/kg for 4 weeks	Positive: trolox, etoposide, lipanthyl, respectively	ED50: 12.5 µg/mL, IC50, 114.4 µg/mL	[50]
Leafs/Ethanol	Male Sprague–Dawley rats	Antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and toxicity	In vitro 1 µg/mL for 30 min In vivo 250–500 mg/kg for 72 h and 1600, 2900, and 5000 mg/kg for 24 h	Positive: ascorbic acid Negative: normal rats	ED50: 12.45 µg/mL; reduced levels of liver function, serum glucose and a-amylase; non-toxic profile;	[9]
Leafs/Ethanol	---	Antioxidant	In vitro 0.39–100 μg/mL for 30 min	Positive: trolox	DPPH: IC50 10.57 µg/mL e ABTS: IC50 2.77 µg/mL	[10]
Leafs, branches and fruits/Ethanol and hexane	Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis	Antileishmanial	In vitro 32–500 μg·mL−1 for 24, 48 and 72 h	Positive: pentamidine Negative: DMSO	Methanol extract from fruits and hexane from leaves: IC50 of 15.04 and 53.09 μg·mL−1L. (L.) amazonensis	[80]
Fruits/Ethanol	HT-29 e HEK-293	Antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant	In vitro 12.5; 25; 50; 100 µg/mL for 24 and 48 h	Negative: untreated cells	Effective doses: 25–100 μg/mL	[54]
Barks and pods/Ethanol	B16F10 e NHF	Anti-wrinkle, anti-whitening and cytotoxicity	In vitro 0–250 μg/mL for 48 h	Negative: IBMX 25 μM	Effective doses: 25 and 250 μg/mL	[53]
Bark and seed/ethanol	Wistar rats	Acute toxicity maternal and fetal	In vivo 1.0; 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg for 14 days	Positive: 0.9% saline solution	Increase in creatinine levels in maternal serum and morphological changes in the fetus	[59]
Fruit/Ethanol	Danio rerio (Zebrafish)	Toxicity	In vivo 25, 50, 75, 125, 250, and 500 mg/L	Positive: water Negative: 1% propylene glycol	Concentrations of 25, 50, and 125 mg/L caused lethality in the embryos	[1]
Bark/Alcohol	Larvae of Artemia salina L.	Toxicity	In vitro 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 µg/mL; 750 µg/mL for 24 h	Positive: sea water	CL50 of 822.6334 µg/mL	[81]
Fruit/Alcohol	Wistar rats	Toxicity and healing activity	In vivo C. ferrea 12.5 and 50% for 9 days	Positive: chlorhexidine digluconate Negative: NaCl 0.9%	Concentration of 12.5% exhibited epidermis constituted in all animals	[61]
Seed/Ethanol	Astyanax sp.	Genotoxicity	In vivo and In vitro 5, 10 and 20 mg/L for 96 h	Negative: not exposed	Increase of 2.5× in the level of DNA strands breaks in erythrocytes exposed to doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/L	[82]
Leafs/Ethanol	HepG-2, Hep2, MCF-7, and HCT-116	Cytotoxicity	In vitro 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/mL for 48 h	Positive: not exposed	IC50 of 19.3, 20, 21.8, and 24.47 μg/mL, respectively	[49]
Pods/Water	Meristematic roots cells of Allium cepa	Cytotoxic, genotoxic, and cytoprotective potential	In vitro 1 g/500 mL and 1 g/1000 mL for 24 and 48 h	Positive: water	Cytotoxic at concentrations 1 g/500 mL and 1 g/1000 mL after times 24 and 48 h of exposure	[83]
Pods	Oryctolagus cuniculus	Healing activity	In vivo Ointment in 16 and 24% for 21 days	Negative: glycerin and water	Ointment in 24% inhibited the lesion area	[84]
Stem barks/NaOH	Wistar rats	Healing activity	In vivo 0.025–0.1% for 21 days	Positive: collagenase 0.1 mL; negative: NaCl 0.9%	Effective concentrations: contractions 0.025, 0.05, 0.75, and 0.1%	[58]
Pods	Wistar rats	Healing activity	In vivo Ointment in 50% for 21 days	Positive: ointment collagenase	Significant reduction in the lesion area	[85]
Barks/Ethanol	---	Photoprotective activity and antioxidant	In vitro 0.005; 0.025; 0.050 e 0.100 mg/mL	Positive: Ascorbic acid	SPF of 3.29 in concentration 0.100 mg/mL and IC50 27.53 µg/mL	[6]
Stem barks/Methanol	---	Arginase inhibitory activity	In vitro 10 μL for 30 min	Positive: Nor-NOHA	Inhibited 12.81% in the concentration 100 μg/mL	[51]
Seeds/water	Swiss mice	Inhibition of the hemorrhagic activity	In vitro Two venom to plant extract ratios 1:12 and 1:48 for 1 h	Positive: crude venom + saline Negative: crude venom + plant extract + saline	Showed no activity	[62]
Pods, bark and leafs/Methanol	Wistar rats	Edematogenic effect	In vivo 0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/Kg for 8 h	Negative: NaCl 0.9%	Effects at doses of 0.01–1 mg/kg	[86]
Stem barks/Water	Human third molars	Erosive potential	In vitro 50 mL tea + 0.1 mL 0.1 mol/L NaOH for 5 days	Positive: 1% citric acid	Loss of 37.03% dental enamel	[87]
Fruit barks	Flies of the Calliphoridae family	Repellent action	In vivo 20 and 50 % for 24 h	Positive: deteriorated bovine liver	Repellency of 97.5 and 100% in the concentrations 20 and 50%	[88]
Leafs and pods/Water and methanol	Nasutitermes corniger (Termite)	Insecticidal activity	In vitro 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg·mL−1 for 11 days	Negative: 0.1% Tween 80	Workers: CL50 0.255–1.279 mg·mL−1 Soldiers: CL50 0.146–8.003 mg·mL−1	[89]
Leafs/Alcohol	Aphis craccivora (Black aphid)	Insecticidal activity	In vivo 2.5 and 5 %	Positive: insecticide Negative: water	Efficiency of 51.71%	[90]
Leafs and pods/Water and methanol	Dactylopius opuntiae (Carmine cochineal)	Insecticidal activity	In vivo 200 mg/mL	Negative: 0.1% Tween 80	72.46–99.33% of mortality	[91]
Leafs and pods/Water and methanol	Dactylopius opuntiae (Carmine cochineal)	Insecticidal activity	In vivo 100, 50, 25, and 10 mg/mL for 10 days	Positive: chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam	Nymphs: CL50 20–150 mg/mL Adults: CL50 43–50 mg/mL	[92]
Leafs/Ethanol	Alternaria alternata	Control of brown spot of Alternaria	In vitro 100, 50, 25, and 10 mg/mL for 10 days for 12 days	Positive: cibenzolar-S-methyl Negative: water	Concentration of 500 μg/mL reduced in 52.0% the severity of disease	[93]
Leafs/Water and ethanol	Alternaria alternata	Control of brown spot of Alternaria	In vitro 1.0 mg/mL for 96 h	Positive: acibenzolar-S-methyl Negative: water	Concentration of 1 mg/mL reduced in 96.49 and 99.12% the severity of disease	[94]
Leafs	Sorghum bicolor L. (Sorghum)	Fertilizer	---	---	Increased the levels of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the soil	[95]
Leafs and seeds/Ethanol	Seeds of Cucumis melo L.	Allelopathic potential	In vitro 1; 0.5; 0.25 and 0.125% for 8 days	Positive: water	30% abnormal seedlings at the concentration of 1%	[96]
Leafs, barks and roots/Water	Calotropis procera and Cenchrus echinatus	Allelopathic potential	In vitro Crude extract for 5 and 7 days	Negative: water	Inhibition of germination of both species	[48]
Dry leaves	Vigna unguiculata	Allelopathic potential	In vivo Proportion of sand: leaves 1:1/2; 1:1 e 1:2 for 70 days	Positive: water	Abnormalities in seedlings	[97]
Fruits	Meio aquoso contendo MB	Biosorbent	---	---	Fast kinetics and good adsorption in the removal of MB	[98]
Residues of pods	Captopril aqueous solutions	Biosorbent	Proportion of pod waste: ZnCl2 0.5: 1; 1: 1 and 1.5:1	---	97.67% removal	[99]

MIC = Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; MBC = Minimum Bactericidal Concentration; MB = methylene blue; HT-29 = human colorectal cancer cell line; HEK-293 = embryonic renal cell line; NaOH = Sodium hydroxide; B16F10 = murine melanoma cell lines; NHF = normal human fibroblasts; HaCaT = keratinocyte cell line; IC₅₀: Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration; LC₅₀: Median Lethal Concentration; ED₅₀: Half Effective Maximum Dose; EC₅₀: Half Maximal Effective Concentration; DPPH: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical; ABTS: 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline); IBMX: 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine; RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute (cell culture medium).