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. 2020 Aug 27;21(17):6215. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176215

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Differentiation methods of liver cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs can be induced to mesoderm or endoderm by adding to the culture medium different cytokines. The differentiation process involves the precursor formation, specifically hepatoblast for hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, angioblast for endothelial cells and monocytes for Kupffer cells. FGF2, Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; BMP4, Bone Morphogenic Protein 4; VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; SCF, Stem Cell Factor; MCSF, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; IL3, Interleukin 3; HGF, Hepatocyte Growth Factor; EGF, Epidermal Growth Factor; IL6, Interleukin 6; TGFβ, Transforming Growth Factor β.