Figure 3.

Methods for iPSCs-derived liver organoid generation. (A) Co-culture method by using endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells and iPSCs-derived hepatoblasts. After an initial aggregation step, several cytokines are added to the culture medium for organoid generation. (B) Organoids generated entirely from iPSCs derived cells. iPSCs-derived hepatoblast aggregates are dissociated, cultured in matrigel in presence of several cytokines and differentiate into liver organoids containing cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. (C) “Liver-on-a-chip” methods imply the culture of iPSCs-derived embryoid bodies or primary liver cells on chip in matrix or matrix independent conditions to induce organoid aggregation. (D) Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology implies the use of gelatin-methacryloyl Hydrogels as ink where primary hepatic cells are included and printed in transwells or perfused microwells.