Table 1.
Chloroplast gene expression and stress response mutants.
| Gene Symbol Accession No. | Species | Mutant | Mutant Stress Phenotype | Molecular Function | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transcription: | |||||
|
SlWHY1 (Solyc05g007100) |
Solanum lycopersicu | slwhy1 | Hypersensitivity to chilling | Promotes transcription of tomato psbA under chilling conditions | [69] |
|
SIG5 (AT5G24120) |
Arabidopsis thaliana | sig5 | Hypersensitivity to salt stress and high light | Specifically controls psbD transcription in response to circadian rhythms, environmental stresses, and light signals | [71] |
|
mTERF5 (AT4G14650) |
Arabidopsis thaliana | mterf5 | Decreased sensitivity to salt, ABA, and osmotic stress; altered sugar responses | Serves as a transcriptional pausing factor; specifically regulates the transcription of chloroplast psbEFLJ | [72,73] |
| RNA metabolism: | |||||
|
ORRM1 (AT3G20930) |
Arabidopsis thaliana | orrm1 | Hypersensitivity to low temperature | Controls RNA editing of 62% (21 of 34) of chloroplast transcripts | [74,75] |
|
DUA1 (J043016D20) |
Oryza sativa | dua1 | Hypersensitivity to low temperature | Required for RNA editing of the rps8-182 site | [76] |
|
WSL (Os01g0559500) |
Oryza sativa | wsl | Hypersensitivity to ABA, salinity, and sugar with increased H2O2 levels | Required for splicing of chloroplast rpl2 | [77] |
|
RH3 (AT5G26742) |
Arabidopsis thaliana | rh3-4 | Hypersensitivity to salt stress and low temperature; reduced ABA content | Involved in splicing of chloroplast trnA, trnI, rpl2, rps12 intron 1, and rps12 intron 2 | [78,79,80] |
|
CP29A (AT3G53460) |
Arabidopsis thaliana | cp29a | Hypersensitivity to low temperature | Required for maintaining the stability of various chloroplast transcripts | [81] |
|
CP31A (AT4G24770) |
Arabidopsis thaliana | cp31a | Hypersensitivity to low temperature | Required for maintaining the stability of various chloroplast transcripts | [81] |
| Translation: | |||||
|
RPS1 (AT5G30510) |
Arabidopsis thaliana | rps1 | Heat-sensitive phenotype; perturbed HSF-mediated heat stress response | Component of chloroplast ribosome small subunit; involved in activating cellular heat stress responses | [82] |
|
RPS17 (GRMZM2G038013) |
Zea mays | hcf60-m1 | Cold-induced bleaching and seedling-lethal phenotype | Component of chloroplast ribosome small subunit | [83] |
|
Rps15 (GeneID:800489) |
Nicotiana tabacum | Δrps15 | Hypersensitivity to low temperature | Component of chloroplast ribosome large subunit | [84] |
|
Rpl33 (GeneID:800444) |
Nicotiana tabacum | Δrpl33 | Hypersensitivity to low temperature | Component of chloroplast ribosome large subunit | [85] |