Table 2.

Characteristics of the in vivo identified studies. All of these studies were performed in male animal models.

First Author (Year) [Reference]	Study Population (Animals)			Tumor Induction (Cell Line)	Study Intervention		Cannabinoid Dose (Route)	Duration	Anticancer Outcomes
	Strain	Age	Number		Intervention	Control
Roberto, 2019 [46]	Male athymic nu/nu mice	6 weeks	10 mice (n = 5 per group)	Xenograft PC-3 cells, DU145 cells, and LNCaP cells	WIN55,212-2	Vehicle (DMSO)	For PC3 and DU145 cell lines, dose given was 5, 10, and 20 µM. For LNCaP cell line, dose given was 20 and 30 µM.	38 days	In PC3 xenograft, dose of 5 µM = 50%, 10 µM = 55%, and 20 µM = 64% reduction in cell proliferation. In DU145 xenograft, dose of 5 µM = 46%, 10 µM = 51%, and 20 µM = 65% reduction in cell proliferation. In LNCaP xenograft, dose of 20 µM = 69% and 30 µM = 66% reduction in cell proliferation.
Morell, 2016 [33]	Athymic nude-Foxn1 (nu/nu)	4 weeks	8 mice	Xenograft PC3 cells	WIN55,212-2	Vehicle (not mentioned)	Daily (i.p.) 0.5 mg/kg (s.c.)	15 days	WIN55,212-2-treated xenografts grew slower and the size of the tumor was smaller than that of vehicle-treated xenografts (% reduction in tumor size not mentioned). βIII Tub levels decreased in WIN55,212-2-treated tumors.
De Petrocellis, 2013 [45]	MF-1 nude mice	4–7 weeks	60 mice (n = 10 per group)	Xenograft LNCaP cells	Control CBD-BDS alone	Vehicle (not mentioned)	Daily (i.p.)	35 days	CBD-BDS dose-dependently inhibited the growth of xenografts from LNCaP, but not DU145, cells. At 100 mg/kg, extract exerted a similar effect on both LNCaP and DU145 CBD-BDS plus bicalutamide significantly prolonged survival compared with bicalutamide or CBD-BDS alone.
							Grp 1—vehicle only Grp 2—1 mg/kg daily Grp 2—10 mg/kg daily Grp 2—100 mg/kg daily
					Docetaxel Bicalutamide CBD-BDS + Docetaxel CBD-BDS + Bicalutamide		Grp 3—5 mg/kg (i.v.) 1× week Grp 4—25–50 mg/kg 3× week (p.o.) Grp 5—100 mg/kg (i.p.) + 5 mg/kg (i.v.) 1× week Grp 6—100 mg/kg (i.p.) + 25–50 mg/kg (p.o.) 3× week
	MF-1 nude mice	4–7 weeks	60 mice (n = 10 per group)	Xenograft DU145 cells	Control CBD-BDS alone	Vehicle (not mentioned)	Daily (i.p.)	35 days	Tumor growth potentiation CBD-BDS + Docetaxel (exact % of reduction not mentioned). CBD-BDS + bicalutamide at 25 mg/kg significantly inhibited xenograft growth (exact % of reduction not mentioned). CBD-BDS + bicalutamide significantly prolonged survival compared with bicalutamide or CBD-BDS alone.
							Grp 1—vehicle only Grp 2—1 mg/kg daily Grp 2—10 mg/kg daily Grp 2—100 mg/kg daily
					Docetaxel Bicalutamide CBD-BDS + Docetaxel CBD-BDS + Bicalutamide		Grp 3—5 mg/kg (i.v.) 1× week Grp 4—25–50 mg/kg 3× week (p.o.) Grp 5—100 mg/kg (i.p.) + 5 mg/kg (i.v.) 1× week Grp 6—100 mg/kg (i.p.) + 25–50 mg/kg (p.o.) 3× week
Morales, 2013 [52]	Athymic nu/nu mice (BALB/cOlaHsd-Foxn1nu)	5 weeks	16 mice (n = 8 per group)	Xenograft LNCaP cells	PM49 (synthetic cannabinoid quinone)	Control (vehicle not mentioned)	2 mg/kg (i.p)	15 days	Treatment with PM49 almost totally blocked the growth of LNCaP tumors.
				Xenograft PC3 cells					40% tumor growth inhibition and final tumor volume was smaller in all four treated mice.
Olea-Herrero, 2009 [50]	Athymic nu/nu mice	6 weeks	24 mice (n = 8 per group)	Xenograft PC3 cells	JWH-015	Control (saline)	1.5 mg/mL (s.c.)	14 days	Final tumor volume and tumor weight were significantly lower in the treatment group (exact % of reduction not mentioned).
							1.5 mg/mL (s.c.)
					JWH-015 + SR2		1.5 mg/mL + 1.5 mg/kg (s.c.)
Mukhtar, 2007 [51]	Athymic nu/nu mice	6–8 weeks	24 mice (n = 8 per group)	Xenograft 22Rν1 cells	WIN55,212-2	Control	0.5 mg/kg (i.p) alternate day	35 days	Inhibition of tumor growth and decrease in Serum PSA levels to 1.86 ng/mL, whereas that of control group was 7.1 ng/mL. PSA secretion was correlated with tumor growth inhibition (exact % of reduction not mentioned).

i.p. = intraperitoneal; S.C. = subcutaneous; i.v. = intravenous; p.o. = per os (oral administration); PSA = prostate-specific antigen; CBD-BDS = cannabidiol-botanical drug substance.