Table 2.

The roles of primary cilia in cancer.

Cancer Cell	The Role of PC in the Cancer	References
Glioblastoma	Inhibition of HDAC6 restores the loss of PC and suppressed the proliferation	[110]
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	KD of PRDX1 restores the loss of PC and suppressed the proliferation	[111]
Colon cancer	Knockout of TTLL3 causes the loss of PC and promotes tumorigenesis in colon	[112]
Cholangiocarcinoma	The number of PC is frequently reduced. Inhibition of HDAC6 restores the loss of PC and suppressed the proliferation	[113,114]
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Inhibition of HDAC2 in Panc1 induces ciliogenesis and suppressed the proliferation	[115]
Clear cell renal carcinoma	PC is lost by inactivation of VHL tumor suppressor	[116]
Prostate cancer	KD of TACC3 restores the loss of PC and suppressed the proliferation	[117]
Epithelial ovarian cancer	The number of PC is reduced, which is associated with centrosomal localization of AURKA. KD of AURKA restores the loss of PC and suppressed the oncogenic hedgehog signaling	[118,119]
Melanoma	Deconstruction of PC is sufficient to drive metastatic formation	[120]
Chondrosarcoma	Inhibition of HDAC6 restores the loss of PC and suppressed the proliferation	[121]
Medulloblastoma, basal cell carcinoma	-	-
with GOF mutation of SMO	PC increase transcriptional activator and stimulate proliferation	[122,123]
with GOF mutation of GLI2	PC increase transcriptional suppressor and inhibit proliferation	[122,123]

PC—primary cilia; KD—knockdown; GOF—gain-of-function.