Table 1.
Main Characteristics of the Included Studies.
| Characteristics | Intervention Methods | EFs Measure Tasks | Control Group Activities | Study Quality | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Sample Size | Age (Mean) | Cognitive Status | Comparison | Cognitive Intervention | Physical Intervention | Combination Mode | Intervention Plan | |||
| Hiyamizu (2012) | 36 | >65 (71.6) |
Health | CPI vs. CG | memory, visual search, verbal fluency training | Balance exercise | Simultaneous | 60 min/session, 2 sessions/week, 12 weeks |
Stroop Task, TMT A, TMT B | NO | 8 |
| Legault (2011) | 73 | 70–85 (76.4) |
Health | CPI vs. PI vs. CI vs. CG | Memory training | Aerobic and flexibility exercises | Separate | 50–150 min/session, 3 sessions/week, 24 weeks |
2-Back Test, Flanker Task, Task Switching, TMT A, TMT B, Self-Ordered Pointing Task | NO | 9 |
| Maillot (2012) | 30 | 65–78 (73.5) |
Health | CPI vs. CG | Nintendo Wii game | Wii Sports, Wii Fit, Mario & Sonic on Olympic Games. | Simultaneous | 60 min/session, 2 sessions/week, 12 weeks |
TMT A, TMT B; Stroop Test, Letter Sets Test, Matrix Reasoning Test, Digit-Symbol Substitution | NO | 9 |
| Barnes (2013) | 126 | ≥65 (73.4) |
Health | CPI vs. CI vs. PI vs. CG | Visual and auditory processing speed training | Aerobic exercise | Separate | 60 min/session, 6 sessions/week, 12 weeks |
TMT B, Erikson Flanker Test | Health video education activities | 11 |
| Shatil (2013) | 122 | 65–93 (76.8) |
Health | CPI vs. CI vs. PI vs. CG | Cognitive game (CogniFit) | Aerobic, strength, and flexibility exercises | Separate | 40–45 min/session, 6 sessions/week, 16 weeks |
CogniFit neuropsycholog-ical evaluation | Join a book club | 7 |
| Nishiguchi (2015) | 48 | ≥60 (73.3) |
Health | CPI vs. CG | verbal fluency, cognitive-motor training | Step exercises, stretching, and strength | Simultaneous | 90 min/session, 1 session/week, 12 weeks |
TMT A, TMT B | NO | 9 |
| Rahe (2015)a | 68 | 50–85 (68.4) |
Health | CPI vs. CI | Working memory, fluency, inhibition, planning training | Strength, flexibility, coordination, and endurance exercises | Separate | 90 min/session, 2 sessions/week, 7 weeks |
Regensburger Wort Flüssigkeits-Test, Stroop Test, WAIS-II (DSB) | N/C | 8 |
| Rahe (2015)b | 30 | 50–85 (66.7) |
Health | CPI vs. CI | memory, attention, EFs training | Strength, flexibility, and balance exercises | Separate | 90 min/session, 2 sessions/week, 7 weeks |
Complex Figure Test, TMT A, TMT B | N/C | 9 |
| Kalbe (2018) | 55 | 50–85 (68.1) |
Health | CPI vs. CI | Memory, attention, EFs training | Strength, flexibility, and balance exercises | Separate | 90 min/session, 2 sessions/week, 7 weeks |
Stroop Test, WAIS-II (DSB),Regensburger Wort Flüssigkeits-Test | N/C | 10 |
| Lam (2012) | 261 | ≥65 (77.8) |
MCI | CPI vs. CG | Memory, attention training | Tai Chi | Simultaneous | 30 min/session, 3 sessions/week, 12 months |
TMT B | Stretching exercise | 9 |
| Hagovska (2017) | 80 | ≥65 (67) |
MCI | CPI vs. PI | Attention, memory, EFs training | Different forms of walking | Simultaneous | 30 min/session, 2 sessions/week, 10 weeks |
Stroop Test, TMT A | N/C | 10 |
| Sungkarat (2017) | 66 | ≥60 (67.9) |
MCI | CPI vs. CG | Memory, attention training | Tai Chi | Simultaneous | 50 min/session, 3 sessions/week, 12 weeks |
TMT A, TMT B | Education activities | 9 |
| Mrakic (2018) | 10 | ≥65 (73.3) |
MCI | CPI vs. CG | Memory, visuospatial ability training | Aerobic exercise | Simultaneous | 40–45 min/session, 3 sessions/week, 6 weeks |
TMT A | NO | 8 |
| Singh (2014) | 86 | 55–89 (70.1) |
MCI | CPI vs. CI vs. PI vs. CG | Memory, attention, EFs, cognitive processing speed training | Resistance training | Separate | 60–100 min/session, 2 sessions/week, 24 weeks |
WAIS-III, Controlled Oral Words Association Test | Stretching and education activities | 12 |
| Park (2019) | 49 | >60 (71.6) |
MCI | CPI vs. CG | Phrase play, memory play, arithmetic training | Aerobic, balance, stretching | Simultaneous | 110 min/session, 2 sessions/week, 24 weeks |
Symbol–Digit Substitution Test | NO | 10 |
| Kayama (2014) | 41 | ≥65 | Health | CPI vs. CG | Placement problem solving (Sudoku) | Tai chi | Simultaneous | 75–80 min/session, 1 session/week, 12 weeks |
TMT A, TMT B | Strength and balance training | 7 |
| Brinke (2020) | 124 | 65–85 (72.4) |
Health | CPI vs. CI vs. CG | Cognitive game (Fit Brains) | Brisk walking | Separate | 60 min/session, 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks |
DCCS, Flanker Test, TMT A, TMT B, Stroop Test | Regular activities | 9 |
| Schoene (2013) | 32 | ≥65 (77.9) |
Health | CPI vs. CG | Attention training | Step training | Simultaneous | 15–20 min/session, 2–3 sessions/week, 8 weeks |
TMT A, TMT B | Regular activities | 10 |
| Linde (2014) | 55 | 60–75 (67.1) |
Health | CPI vs. CI vs. PI vs. CG | Short-term memory, information processing speed, logical reasoning training | Aerobic, endurance, and strength training | Separate | 60–90 min/session, 2 sessions/week, 16 weeks |
Leistungs-Prüf-System | NO | 11 |
| Shah (2014) | 172 | 60–85 (67.4) |
Health | CPI vs. CI vs. PI vs. CG | Auditory-based BFP, Visual-based IP | Walking, strength training | Separate | 60 min/session, 10 sessions/week, 16 weeks |
Groton Maze Learning, Controlled Oral Word Association Test | NO | 9 |
| Bae (2019) | 83 | ≥65 (75.9) |
MCI | CPI vs. CG | “KENKOJISEICHI” system | “KENKOJISEICHI” system | Separate | 90 min/session, 2 sessions/week, 24 weeks |
TMT B | NO | 9 |
MCI: mild cognitive impairment. CPI: combined cognitive and physical intervention. PI: physical intervention. CI: cognitive intervention. CG: control group. TMT A: Trail Making Test A. TMT B: Trail Making Test B. WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, DSB: Subtest Digit Span Backwards. DCCS: Dimensional Change Card Sort Test. BFP: Brain Fitness Program. IP: Insight Program. KENKOJISEICHI: a system which includes 28 physical activities, 29 cognitive activities, and 44 social activities. N/C: No control group.