Table 2.

Biomaterials loaded with stem cells for cardiac tissue regeneration.

Biomaterial	Stem Cells	Effect	References
Mussel adhesive protein/HA coacervate	MSCs	Increased MSCs survival and retention	[92]
Collagen-based hydrogel	ADSCs	Improved engraftment of stem cells	[93]
Microcapsules made of agarose and ECM components	MSCs	Increased MSCs survival	[94]
Arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) modified HA hydrogel	MSCs	Increased MSCs survival	[95]
Erythropoietin linked hydrogel	iPSCs	Improved the post-MI heart recovery	[96]
Synthetic SAP and angiopoetin-1-derived pro-survival peptide QHREDGS	MSCs	Increased cells survival and cardiac function	[97]
Collagen–dendrimer	CPCs	Increased long-term survival	[99]
Silica-coated SOMag5 magnetic nanoparticles	Embryonic cardiomyocytes, embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and BMSCs	Improved cell engraftment	[100]
Graphene oxide/alginate microgel	MSCs	Improved MI recovery	[101]
Poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin patch	MSCs	Increased angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, cardiomyogenesis, and paracrine factors released by stem cells and reduced scar size	[103]
Chitosan and silk fibroin microfibrous cardiac patch	MSCs	Increased MSC survival	[104]
Hyaluronic acid/gelatin cardiac patch	CPCs	Increased long-term CPCs survival and differentiation	[105]
Vascularized fibrin hydrogel patch	CSCs	Increased cell survival	[106]
Gold nanoparticles coated with a combination of ECM and silk proteins	MSCs	Increased cell survival and retention and decreased infarct size	[107]
ECM scaffold with the usage of methacrylated gelatin	iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells	Reduced infarct size and improved cell proliferation, cardiac function, and angiogenesis	[108]
Poly(vinyl alcohol) microneedle patch	CSCs	Improved angiogenesis, reduced fibrosis, and repaired left ventricular wall	[109]
Polycaprolactone patch	MSCs and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes	Improved MI recovery and angiogenesis	[110]
Microchanneled poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate hydrogel patch	MSCs	Improved cardiac function	[112]
Agarose hydrogel microcapsules supplemented with fibronectin and fibrinogen	CSCs	Improved production of pro-angiogenic/cardioprotective cytokines, angiogenesis, and angiogenic cells recruitment after direct intramyocardial injection	[113]
Iron nanoparticles	MSCs	Reduced the infarct size, prevented fibrosis, decreased apoptosis of myocardial cells, increased angiogenesis, and improved cardiac function	[115]
Statin-conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles	ADSCs	Increased the ejection fraction and several other parameters which reflect the left ventricular function. Inhibited local inflammation, promoted recruitment of circulating stem cells, and stimulated their differentiation to cardiomyocytes and angiogenesis	[121]
Tetraaniline-polyethylene glycol diacrylate and thiolated hyaluronic acid conductive hydrogel	ADSCs	Improved neovascularization, regeneration of the damaged myocardium, and post-infarction cardiac function	[17]
Naphthalene hydrogel	MSCs	Increased cells survival, and stimulated the synthesis of angiogenic factors VEGF and SDF-1α	[122]
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles	ADSCs	Improved cells survival, and induced the shift of macrophage found in the infarcted myocardium from pro-inflammatory M1 to regenerative M2 phenotype	[123]
Poly(l-lactic acid) mat	CSCs	Improved angiogenic and cardiomyogenic effects	[124]