Table 3.
Summary table with the associations between the elements of the built environment and the types of physical activity.
| Health Behaviors | Built Environment Factors | Reference of Associations (+) | Reference of Associations (−) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall physical activity | Walkability | Barnett et al. (2017) Tuckett et al. (2018) |
|
| Land-use mix | Cunningham and Michael (2004) Tuckett et al. (2018) |
||
| Street connectivity | Tuckett et al. (2018) | ||
| Overall access to facilities | Barnett et al. (2017) Cunningham and Michael (2004) Levasseur et al. (2015) Moran et al. (2014) Tuckett et al. (2018) Yen et al. (2009) |
||
| Access to shops/commercial | Barnett et al. (2017) Tuckett et al. (2018) |
||
| Poor pedestrian access to shopping centers | Tuckett et al. (2018) | ||
| Access to public transport | Barnett et al. (2017) Levasseur et al. (2015) Moran et al. (2014) Tuckett et al. (2018) |
||
| Access to nature/parks/open space | Barnett et al. (2017) Levasseur et al. (2015) Moran et al. (2014) Yen et al. (2009) |
||
| Access to recreational facilities | Barnett et al. (2017) Levasseur et al. (2015) Moran et al. (2014) Tuckett et al. (2018) |
||
| Access to places for social interaction | Levasseur et al. (2015) Tuckett et al. (2018) |
||
| Access to exercise opportunities (senior oriented group activities) | Moran et al. (2014) | ||
| Access to rest areas —Seating Benches, public washrooms |
Tuckett et al. (2018) —Levasseur et al. (2015) Moran et al. (2014) |
||
| Pedestrian-friendly infrastructure —Footpath quality, lack of hills Footpath quality ■ Sidewalk characteristics: presence and continuity, quality and maintenance, slopes and curbs, temporary obstacles on sidewalks ■ Separation between pedestrians and other nonmotorized transport |
Barnett et al. (2017) Gadais et al. (2018) —Cunningham and Michael (2004) Levasseur et al. (2015) Tuckett et al. (2018) ■ Moran et al. (2014) |
||
| Poor pedestrian-friendly infrastructure —Footpath quality |
Levasseur et al. (2015) —Yen et al. (2009) |
||
| Pedestrian/cycling facilities | Levasseur et al. (2015) | ||
| Aesthetics —Greenery/Aesthetically pleasing scenery Buildings and streetscape/Natural scenery |
Levasseur et al. (2015) —Barnett et al. (2017) —Tuckett et al. (2018) Moran et al. (2014) |
||
| Lack of aesthetically pleasing scenery | Cunningham and Michael (2004) | ||
| Crime-related safety —Street lighting |
Barnett et al. (2017) Tuckett et al. (2018) —Levasseur et al. (2015) |
||
| Crime-related safety —Unattended dogs, inadequate lighting Lack of street lighting and upkeep |
Levasseur et al. (2015) —Cunningham and Michael (2004) Moran et al. (2014) |
||
| Traffic-related safety —Zebra-crossing characteristics Signaled crosswalks |
Won et al. (2016) —Moran et al. (2014) Tuckett et al. (2018) |
||
| Traffic | Levasseur et al. (2015) | ||
| High environmental quality | Moran et al. (2014) | ||
| Pollution | Moran et al. (2014) | ||
| Noise | Cunningham and Michael (2004) | ||
| Leisure time walking, Leisure time physical activity |
Walkability | Van Cauwenberg et al. (2018) | |
| Land-use mix—access | Van Cauwenberg et al. (2018) | ||
| Aesthetically pleasing scenery | Van Cauwenberg et al. (2018) | ||
| Access to public transit | Van Cauwenberg et al. (2018) | ||
| Access to recreational facilities | Van Cauwenberg et al. (2018) | ||
| Access to park/open space | Van Cauwenberg et al. (2018) | ||
| Barriers to walking/cycling | Van Cauwenberg et al. (2018) | ||
| Active travel | Walkability | Cerin et al. (2017) | |
| Residential density/urbanization | Cerin et al. (2017) | ||
| Street connectivity | Cerin et al. (2017) | ||
| Overall access to facilities, destinations and services | Cerin et al. (2017) Gadais et al. (2018) |
||
| Land-use mix—destination diversity | Cerin et al. (2017) | ||
| Access to shops/commercial | Cerin et al. (2017) | ||
| Access to food outlets | Cerin et al. (2017) | ||
| Access to business/institutional/industrial destinations | Cerin et al. (2017) | ||
| Access to public transport | Cerin et al. (2017) | ||
| Access to parks/open space/recreation | Cerin et al. (2017) Gadais et al. (2018) |
||
| Pedestrian-friendly infrastructure —Footpath quality, pedestrian crossing |
Cerin et al. (2017) —Gadais et al. (2018) |
||
| Pedestrian/cycling facilities | Gadais et al. (2018) | ||
| Availability of benches/sitting facilities | Cerin et al. (2017) | ||
| Street lighting | Cerin et al. (2017) Gadais et al. (2018) |
||
| Easy access to building entrance Wheelchair access, walking access |
Cerin et al. (2017) Gadais et al. (2018) |
||
| Human and motorized traffic volume | Cerin et al. (2017) | ||
| Littering/vandalism/decay | Cerin et al. (2017) | ||
| Walking | Walkability | Barnett et al. (2017) Yen et al. (2009) |
|
| Residential density/urbanization —Density of physical activity facilities |
Barnett et al. (2017) Yen et al. (2009) |
||
| Street connectivity | Yen et al. (2009) | ||
| Overall access to facilities, destinations and services | Barnett et al. (2017) Cunningham and Michael (2004) Yen et al. (2009) |
||
| Access to shops/commercial | Barnett et al. (2017) | ||
| Access to public transport | Barnett et al. (2017) | ||
| Access to nature/parks/open space | Barnett et al. (2017) Yen et al. (2009) |
||
| Pedestrian-friendly infrastructure | Barnett et al. (2017) Yen et al. (2009) |
||
| Greenery/aesthetically pleasing scenery | Barnett et al. (2017) | ||
| Street lighting | Barnett et al. (2017) | ||
| Crime-related safety | Barnett et al. (2017) Cunningham and Michael (2004) Won et al. (2016) Yen et al. (2009) |