Table 6.
In vivo studies on graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs).
| GBNs | Size | In Vivo Study | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| PEGylated GO–IONP | 10 nm | Drug delivery/DOX for breast cancer | [44] |
| NGO–SS–HA composite | 125 nm | Drug delivery/gefitinib for lung cancer | [153] |
| GO–adipic acid–HA conjugate | 40–350 nm | Drug delivery/DOX for cervical cancer | [154] |
| AgInZnS–graphene oxide | 100 nm | In vivo imaging in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells of tumor-bearing mice | [192] |
| UFH–rGO | <100 nm | Biocompatibility study/good biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity to mice heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidney | [193] |
| Silanized GO | micrometer range | Biocompatibility study/no reduction in body weight or decrease in the relative weight of organs | [194] |
| Albumin-functionalized PEG-coated GO | 191 nm | Biocompatibility study/no cytotoxicity to major organs such as heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys of mice after 1 month of treatment | [195] |
| PEGylated NGO | 10–30 nm | Biocompatibility study/did not cause appreciable toxicity in mice over 3 months | [196] |
| Few-layer pristine graphene | 100–200 nm | Biocompatibility study/PEGylated derivative despite accumulation did not induce any noticeable toxicity | [197] |
| GO–DEX | 50–100 nm | Biocompatibility study/accumulated in the RES and got cleared within 1 week without causing noticeable short-term toxicity | [198] |
| Manganese and Dex-functionalized graphene nanoparticles | 100 nm | Biocompatibility study/did not induce an inflammatory response in major organs | [199] |
| GO | 10–800 nm | Biocompatibility study/did not change the pathophysiology of all organs except lungs | [200] |
| GO nanosheets | 1 nm | Biocompatibility study/no significant changes in the eyeball appearance, intraocular pressure, electroretinogram, and histological examination was observed | [201] |
| GO | <500 nm | Biocompatibility study/purified GO did not induce inflammation or granuloma upon intraperitoneal injection | [202] |
| Large GO | Large GO: 1–5 µm, small GO: 100–500 nm |
Biocompatibility study/increasing injecting dose and GO particle size caused higher accumulation in the lungs; on the other hand, small size GO was mainly accumulated in the liver | [203] |
| GO | 0.5–2.0 nm | Biocompatibility study/GO (of size 0.5 to 2.0 nm) was a significant contributor to pulmonary toxicity when injected directly to the lungs of mice; the toxicity was significantly reduced with pristine graphene through liquid-phase exfoliation or dispersion of graphene | [204] |
| GO | 0.2–5 μm | Biocompatibility study/i.v. administration of GO-induced pulmonary thromboembolism in mice, while rGO was significantly less effective in aggregating platelets | [205] |
| Graphene nanosheets or multiwalled carbon nanotubes | 2–25 nm | Biocompatibility study/induced site-specific Th2 inflammatory responses via the IL-33/ST2 axis | [206] |
| NGO–PSS | 500 nm | Biocompatibility study/accumulation in the liver, lung, and spleen, causing acute liver injury and chronic inflammation | [207] |
| reduced graphene oxide nanosheets | 87–472 nm | Biocompatibility study/mice showed little change in anxiety-like or learning and memory behaviors | [208] |
| GO | 1 nm | Biocompatibility study/high dose (0.4 mg) exhibited chronic toxicity resulting in the death of four out of nine mice | [209] |