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. 2020 Aug 22;21(17):6056. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176056

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Immunostaining against ICAM-1 of the region of the gingiva adherent to the machined (a) and to laser-treated (b) surfaces, as indicated. (c) represents the negative control. Scale bar: 10 µm. Images are representative of 15 different experiments (d) Percentage of ICAM-1 immunostaining positive area in the epithelial layers and subepithelial connective tissue. Values are expressed as mean ± SD of five determinations in randomly chosen sections for each specimen. * indicates values statistically different (p < 0.001) between the region of the gingiva adherent to the laser-treated or to machined surfaces, as indicated.