Table 2.
The values of PGs/GAGs and related enzymes in pre-clinical and clinical studies of cancer.
| Name | Samples | Potential Clinical Applications in Cancer |
|---|---|---|
| PGs | ||
| Versican | Tissues (n = 84) | Prognosis for renal carcinoma [72] |
| Tissues (n = 52, 62, 456/453, 89) | Prognosis for colon cancer [73,74] | |
| Blood (n = 27, 12, 31) | Diagnosis for epithelial ovarian cancer [75] | |
| Blood (n = 30) | Diagnosis for multiple myeloma [76] | |
| Tissues (n = 134/104) | Prognosis for gastric cancer [77,78] | |
| Tissues (n = 142/212) | Prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer [79,80] | |
| Tissues (n = 50, 19, 31) | Diagnosis for hepatocellular carcinoma [81] | |
| Tissues (n = 139) | Prognosis for oral squamous cell carcinoma [82] | |
| Tissues (n = 80/58) | Prognosis for breast cancer [83,84] | |
| Tissues (n = 111/111) | Prognosis for ovarian cancer [85,86] | |
| Tissues (n = 167) | Prognosis for endometrial cancer [87] | |
| Tissues (n = 43) | Prognosis for prostate cancer [88] | |
| Biglycan | Tissues (n = 12,427) | Prognosis for prostate cancer [89] |
| Tissues (n = 10) | Prognosis for gastric cancer [90] | |
| Tissues (n = 287) | Prognosis for colorectal cancer [91] | |
| Tissues (n = 62/170) | Diagnosis for esophageal adenocarcinoma [92,93] | |
| Tissues (n = 52) | Prognosis for endometrial cancer [94] | |
| Tissues (n = 53) | Prognosis for pancreatic adenocarcinoma [95] | |
| Decorin | Tissues (n = 24) | Diagnosis for invasive ductal carcinoma [96] |
| Tissues (n = 16) | Prognosis for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor [97] | |
| Tissues (n = 83, 6, 32, 145/64) | Prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma [98,99] | |
| Tissues (n = 16) | Prognosis for oral cancer and response to S-1 neoadjuvant chemotherapy [100] | |
| Plasma (n = 275) | Diagnosis for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [101] | |
| Tissues (n = 140) | Prognosis for breast cancer [102] | |
| Lumican | Tissues (n = 13) | Diagnosis for lung adenocarcinoma [103] |
| Tissues (n = 131) | Prognosis for pancreatic cancer [104] | |
| Tissues (n = 158) | Prognosis for colorectal cancer [105] | |
| Tissues (n = 102) | Prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma [106] | |
| Perlecan | Tissues (n = 511) | Prognosis for oligodendroglioma [107] |
| Agrin | Tissues (n = 123) | Prognosis for oral cancer [108] |
| Tissues (n = 86) | Prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma [109] | |
| Collagen XVIII | Tissues (n = 105) | Prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma [110] |
| Tissues (n = 221/94) | Prognosis for lung carcinoma [111,112] | |
| Tissues (n = 118) | Prognosis for gastric carcinoma [113] | |
| Syndecan1 | Tissues (n = 111) | Prognosis for ovarian cancer [86] |
| Serum (n = 75) | Prediction of docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer [114] | |
| Syndecan 3 | Blood (n = 27, 12, 31) | Diagnosis for epithelial ovarian cancer [75] |
| Glypican1 | Urine (n = 203) | Diagnosis for prostate cancer [115] |
| Tissues (n = 240/186/62) | Prognosis for pancreatic cancer [116,117,118] | |
| Tissues (n = 53) | Diagnosis dissemination and prognosis for glioblastomas [119] | |
| Tissues (n = 175) | Prognosis for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [120] | |
| Glypican3 | Tissues (n = 2336) | Diagnosis for hepatocellular cancer [121] |
| Blood (n = 85) | Prognosis for hepatocellular cancer [122] | |
| Tissues (n = 106) | Prognosis for pancreatic ductal cancer [123] | |
| Glypican5 | Tissues (n = 160) | Prognosis for prostate cancer [124] |
| Tissues (n = 40/198) | Prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma [67,68] | |
| Serglycin | Tissues (n = 112) | Prognosis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma [125] |
| Tissues (n = 127) | Prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma [126] | |
| GAGs | ||
| Plasma GAGs | Blood (n = 175) | Diagnosis and prognosis for renal cell cancer [127] |
| CS | Tissues (n = 130/169) | Prognosis for breast cancer [128] |
| Tissues (n = 289/148) | Prognosis for ovarian cancer [129,130] | |
| HS | Tissues (n = 162) | Prognosis for gastric carcinoma [131] |
| HA | Blood (n = 44) | Diagnosis and prognosis for prostate cancer [132] |
| Blood (n = 212/334) | Prognosis for breast cancer [133] | |
| Serum (n = 51) | Prognosis for acute myeloid leukemia [134] | |
| Urine (n = 513) | Diagnosis for bladder cancer [135] | |
| Serum (n = 63) | Diagnosis for upper gastrointestinal cancers [136] | |
| Cytosol (n = 120) | Prognosis for colorectal cancer [137] | |
| Tissues (n = 46)/Sputum (n = 25) | Diagnosis and prognosis for lung cancer [138] | |
| Serum/pleural (n = 96) | Diagnosis and prognosis for malignant mesothelioma [139] | |
| Serum (n = 506) | Prognosis for liver cancer in hepatic resection [140] | |
| Tissues (n = 45) | Prognosis for nerve sheath tumor [141] | |
| Enzymes | ||
| HPSE | Tissues (n = 182) | Prognosis for glioma [142] |
| Serum (n = 156) | Diagnosis for breast cancer [143] | |
| Serum (n = 177) | Diagnosis for ovarian cancer [144] | |
| Tissues (n = 81) | Prognosis for oral mucosal melanoma [145] | |
| HYAL-1 | Tissues (n = 407/178) | Prognosis for bladder cancer [146,147] |
| Tissues (n = 70) | Prognosis for prostate cancer [148] | |
| Urine (n = 513) | Diagnosis for bladder cancer [149] | |
| Tissues (n = 34) | Prognosis for colorectal cancer [150] | |
| HAS1 | Tissues (n = 278) | Prognosis for breast cancer [151] |
| Tissues (n = 31) | Prognosis for colon cancer [152] | |
| Tissues (n = 287) | Prognosis for prostate cancer [153] | |
| HAS2 | Tissues (n = 407) | Prognosis for bladder cancer [146] |
| HAS3 | Tissues (n = 407) | Prognosis for bladder cancer [146] |
| Tissues (n = 278) | Prognosis for breast cancer [151] | |
| MMP2 | Tissues (n = 1266) | Prognosis for oral cancer [154] |
| MMP3 | Urinary (n = 70) | Diagnosis and prognosis for bladder cancer [155] |
| MMP9 | Tissues (n = 1266) | Prognosis for oral cancer [154] |
| MMP14 | Tissues (n = 456) | Prognosis for colorectal cancer [156] |
| MMP16 | Tissues (n = 375) | Prognosis for gastric cancer [157] |
| Effectors | ||
| RHAMM | Tissues (n = 383) | Prognosis for large cell lung cancer [158] |
| Tissues (n = 64) | Prognosis for kidney cancer [159] | |
| Tissues (n = 33) | Prognosis for ovarian cancer [160] | |
| Tissues (n = 223) | Prognosis for colorectal cancer [161] | |
| Tissues (n = 89) | Prognosis for endometrial cancer [162] | |
| Tissues (n = 72) | Prognosis for B-cell chronic leukemia [163] | |
| Tissues (n = 210) | Prognosis for multiple myeloma [164] | |
| CD44 | Tissues (n = 64) | Prognosis for kidney cancer [159] |
| Tissues (n = 94) | Prognosis for bladder cancer [165] | |
| Tissues (n = 145) | Prognosis for colorectal adenocarcinomas [166] | |
| Tissues (n = 158/333) | Prognosis for early gastric cancer [167,168] | |
| Tissues (n = 278) | Prognosis for breast cancer [169] | |