Table A1.
Most valuable studies examining the role of endocan in various kidney diseases.
| Condition | Aims | Study Group | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AKI | Correlation between endocan levels and renal function and need for RRT in ARDS patients in ICU | 96 patients with ARDS in ICU department who did not require RRT at baseline | Serum creatinine and endocan together—most valuable in predicting the need for RRT (ROC AUC 0.77) | [11] |
| AKI | serum endocan levels as potential biomarkers for diagnosing AKI and its pathogenesis | 39 patients diagnosed with AKI according to KDIGO definition | Endocan displayed 59% of sensitivity and 76.3% of specificity in the diagnosis of AKI | [12] |
| CKD | Endocan levels in CKD and non-CKD patients; relationship between endocan levels and inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers in CKD; endocan as predictive marker of all-cause mortality and CVE in CKD | 251 CKD pre-dialysis patients (23.1% DM; 18.7% HT; 15.9% chronic glomerulonephritis; 27.1% unknow etiology) | CKD patients displayed higher plasma endocan levels than controls; plasma endocan correlated with eGFR, different markers of inflammation and vascular abnormalities (FMV and CIMT); endocan levels were associated with all-cause mortality and CVE independent of traditional risk factors | [9] |
| DN | Predictive role of endocan and endoglin as markers of DN progression | 96 patients with DM2 (40 patients with normoalbuminuria, 56 patients with DN) | Endocan and endoglin serum levels were higher in DM2 patients; endocan, but not endoglin levels were higher in DN compared to normoalbuminuric patients (p = 0.011 and p = 0.822, respectively) | [20] |
| IgAN | Relevance of plasma and urine endocan levels in IgAN | 64 patients with IgAN diagnosed upon renal biopsy | Urine and plasma endocan levels were significantly higher in IgAN group than controls; urine, but not plasma endocan correlated with CKD stage; high plasma endocan was an independent risk factor for CKD progression | [30] |
| AR after KT | Dynamic monitoring of serum endocan levels in diagnosing ARs | 60 patients after KT (20 with normal renal function, 20 with biopsy-proven AR, 20 with renal allograft dysfunction from other causes) | Elevated blood and tissue expression of endocan in the AR group compared to others | [32] |
| AR after KT | Endocan as marker of microvascular inflammation in KT patients | 203 patients after KT | Increased urine and plasma endocan levels in AMBR patients than others; higher scores of microvascular inflammation in biopsy specimens and worse renal survival in patients with increased endocan levels (urine and/or plasma); serum and urinary endocan were valuable in distinguishing between AMBR and other graft pathologies | [33] |
AKI—acute kidney injury; RRT—renal replacement therapy; ARDS—acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU—intensive care unit; CKD—chronic kidney disease; CVE—cardiovascular events; DM—diabetes mellitus; HT—hypertension; eGFR -estimated glomerular filtration rate; FMV—flow-mediated vasodilation; CIMT—carotid intima media thickness; DN—diabetic nephropathy; IgAN—IgA nephropathy; AR—acute rejection; KT—kidney transplantation; AMBR—antibody-mediated acute rejection.