| (As) ⇆ (Ab) | diffusion between transition and boundary layers |
| (Ab) ⇆ (Ac) | diffusion between boundary and cell layers |
| (Ac) ⇆ (Ao) | nonspecific adsorption—cell layer to surface |
| (Ao) (R) ⇆ (AR) | monovalent binding of mAb and receptor on surface |
| (AR) (R) ⇆ (ARR) | bivalent binding of (R) and (AR) on surface |
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