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. 2020 Aug 20;25(17):3798. doi: 10.3390/molecules25173798

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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MS13 induces cell death as observed by apoptotic morphological changes in (A) SW480 (B) SW620 human colon cancer cells. Detection was by fluorescence microscopy of Annexin V/PI treated with MS13 for 24, 48 and 72 h at 200× magnification. Viable cells (Annexin V-/PI-) are invisible; Early apoptotic cells showed green plasma membrane (Annex-V+/PI-); Late apoptotic cells showed red staining throughout the nucleus with halo of green on plasma membrane indicating loss of membrane integrity (Annex-V+/PI+), chromatin condensation and fragmentation, stained green to yellow (Annex-V+/PI+), yellow-orange and orange (Annex-V+/PI+) (arrow in blue); necrotic cells (Annex-V-/PI+) showed uniformly red or pale orange (arrow in yellow).