chronic kidney disease	CKD
cardiovascular disease	CVD
resveratrol	RSV
oxidative stress	OS
reactive oxygen species	ROS
indoxyl sulfate	IS
zonula occludens	ZO
urolithin A	UroA
erythroid 2-related factor 2	Nrf2
tight junction	TJ
p-cresol or p-cresyl sulfate	PCS
drug-metabolizing enzymes	DMEs
sulfotransferase	SULT
sirtuin-1	SIRT-1
nitric oxide synthase	NOS
endothelial NOS	eNOS
inducible NOS	iNOS
smooth muscle cell	SMC
Krüppel-like factor 2	KLF2
reactive oxygen/nitrogen species	RONS
trimethylamine-N-oxide	TMAO
nuclear factor κB	NF-κB
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate	NADPH
NADPH oxidase	NOX
NADPH oxidase 4	NOX4
heme oxygenase	HO
membranous nephropathy	MN
angiotensin II	Ang II
angiotensin II type 1 receptor	AT1R
angiotensin 1–7	Ang 1–7
mas receptor	MasR
angiotensin-converting enzyme	ACE
nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2	Nrf2
adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase	AMPK
bile salt hydrolase	BSH
bile acid	BA